---
title: Hawking's leaking, called Hawking radiation, has never been directly… — Black holes · tree and pragmatics
description: Hawking's leaking, called Hawking radiation, has never been directly observed, because it is far too faint. Who acts: leaking. A sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Black holes, sentence 18

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Hawking's leaking, called Hawking radiation, has never been directly observed, because it is far too faint.

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**Who acts:** leaking · **What happens:** call, not observe, be · **To what, where:** Hawking radiation, leaking · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Black holes» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leaking), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:18
# text = Hawking's leaking, called Hawking radiation, has never been directly observed, because it is far too faint.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = space
# lesson = 025-black-holes.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Hawking	hawk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	leaking	leak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
6	Hawking	hawk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	radiation	radiation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:obj
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
10	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	aux:pass	_	_
12	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
18	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	20	advmod	_	_
19	too	too	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	faint	faint	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	advcl	_	_
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | participle | Hawking's leaking *not said here* | Hawking radiation |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **observe** | present · perfect · passive |  | Hawking's leaking |  |  |  | directly *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
| 3 | **is** | present | leaking *= leak* |  |  |  |  | faint, far *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:025-black-holes.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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