--- title: Nobody has flown to a star with a tape measure, yet we know how far… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics description: Nobody has flown to a star with a tape measure, yet we know how far stars are and what they are made of: astronomers are detectives who read clues in light. Who acts: Nobody, we, stars, astronomers. A sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary schoo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [How we know: measuring the sky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/) / 0 # How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 0 Nobody has flown to a star with a tape measure, yet we know how far stars are and what they are made of: astronomers are detectives who read clues in light. **Who acts:** Nobody, we, stars, astronomers, detectives · **What happens:** fly, know, be, make, read · **To what, where:** they, detectives, clues, light · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nobody, we, stars, astronomers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:0 # text = Nobody has flown to a star with a tape measure, yet we know how far stars are and what they are made of: astronomers are detectives who read clues in light. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Nobody nobody PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Neg 3 nsubj _ _ 2 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux _ _ 3 flown fly VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 to to ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 star star NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 7 with with ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 8 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 9 tape tape NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 compound _ _ 10 measure measure NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:nmod 11 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 12 yet yet CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 13 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 14 nsubj _ _ 14 know know VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 15 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 16 advmod _ _ 16 far far ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 ccomp _ _ 17 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ _ 18 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 cop _ _ 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 20 what what PRON WP PronType=Int 16 conj _ _ 21 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 22 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux:pass _ _ 23 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 acl:relcl _ _ 24 of of ADP IN _ 23 obl _ _ 25 : : PUNCT : _ 28 punct _ _ 26 astronomers astronomer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 nsubj _ _ 27 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 cop _ _ 28 detectives detective NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 parataxis _ _ 29 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 30 nsubj _ _ 30 read read VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 acl:relcl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=28:acl:relcl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBD:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 31 clues clue NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obj _ _ 32 in in ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 light light NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obl _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **fly** | present · perfect | Nobody | | | | | to a star *result*; with a tape measure | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to star=Result | | 2 | **know** | present | we | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | | 3 | **is** | present | stars | | | | | far *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **make** | present · passive | | they | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | | 5 | **is a** | present | astronomers | detectives | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **read** | present | detectives | clues | | light | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clue=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Telescopes and light, 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/27-telescopes-and-light/19/) - next →: [How we know: measuring the sky, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/)