---
title: In 1925 Cecilia Payne showed from star spectra that stars are made m… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics
description: In 1925 Cecilia Payne showed from star spectra that stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium, a finding other astronomers at first refused to accept. Who acts: Cecilia, other astronomers. A sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school with 
---

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# How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 13

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In 1925 Cecilia Payne showed from star spectra that stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium, a finding other astronomers at first refused to accept.

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**Who acts:** Cecilia, other astronomers · **What happens:** show, make, refuse, not accept · **To what, where:** 1925, stars, finding · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cecilia, other astronomers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:13
# text = In 1925 Cecilia Payne showed from star spectra that stars are made mostly of hydrogen and helium, a finding other astronomers at first refused to accept.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = space
# lesson = 028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1925	1925	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	obl	_	_
3	Cecilia	Cecilia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	Payne	Payne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
5	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	spectra	spectra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	_
13	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	hydrogen	hydrogen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	helium	helium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	finding	finding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
23	at	at	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	25	obl	_	_
25	refused	refuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl:relcl	_	_
26	to	to	PART	TO	_	27	mark	_	_
27	accept	accept	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	xcomp	_	_
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Cecilia |  |  | 1925 |  | from star spectra | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive |  | stars |  |  |  | of hydrogen and helium | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **refuse** | past | other astronomers | a finding *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **accept** | to-infinitive | other astronomers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:13`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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