--- title: Henrietta Leavitt found in 1912 that certain pulsing stars called Ce… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics description: Henrietta Leavitt found in 1912 that certain pulsing stars called Cepheids pulse more slowly the brighter they really are, letting astronomers measure great distances: if a Cepheid looks dimmer than its pulse says it really is, it must be farther away. Who acts: Henrietta, certain pulsing stars, ast --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [How we know: measuring the sky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/) / 15 # How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 15 Henrietta Leavitt found in 1912 that certain pulsing stars called Cepheids pulse more slowly the brighter they really are, letting astronomers measure great distances: if a Cepheid looks dimmer than its pulse says it really is, it must be farther away. **Who acts:** Henrietta, certain pulsing stars, astronomers, Cepheid, pulse, star · **What happens:** find, pulse, call, be, let, measure · **To what, where:** 1912, Cepheids, great distances · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Henrietta, certain pulsing stars, astronomers, Cepheid), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:15 # text = Henrietta Leavitt found in 1912 that certain pulsing stars called Cepheids pulse more slowly the brighter they really are, letting astronomers measure great distances: if a Cepheid looks dimmer than its pulse says it really is, it must be farther away. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Henrietta Henrietta PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 2 Leavitt Leavitt PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 flat _ _ 3 found find VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 1912 1912 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 3 obl _ _ 6 that that SCONJ IN _ 12 mark _ _ 7 certain certain ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 8 pulsing pulse VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 9 amod _ _ 9 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ _ 10 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 acl _ _ 11 Cepheids cepheid NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 xcomp _ _ 12 pulse pulse VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 13 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 14 advmod _ _ 14 slowly slowly ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 brighter bright ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 12 advmod _ _ 17 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nsubj _ _ 18 really really ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _ 19 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 cop _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=16:advcl 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 21 letting let VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:advcl 22 astronomers astronomer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj _ _ 23 measure measure VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 21 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=21:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 great great ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 distances distance NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 obj _ _ 26 : : PUNCT : _ 30 punct _ _ 27 if if SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 28 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 Cepheid cepheid PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 30 looks look VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 parataxis _ _ 31 dimmer dimmer ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 30 xcomp _ _ 32 than than SCONJ IN _ 35 mark _ _ 33 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=35:nmod:poss 34 pulse pulse NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ _ 35 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 advcl _ _ 36 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 nsubj _ _ 37 really really ADV RB _ 38 advmod _ _ 38 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 ccomp _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=35:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VBZ:Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 40 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 nsubj _ _ 41 must must AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 43 aux _ _ 42 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 43 cop _ _ 43 farther far ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 30 xcomp _ _ 44 away away ADV RB _ 43 advmod _ _ 45 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **find** | past | Henrietta | | | 1912 | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 2 | **pulse** | gerund | | | | | | | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **call** | participle | certain pulsing stars *not said here* | Cepheids | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **pulse** | present | certain pulsing stars | | | | | slowly *property* | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **is** | present | | | | | | bright *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **let** | gerund | certain pulsing stars *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 7 | **measure** | infinitive | astronomers | great distances | | | | | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme distance=Value | | 8 | **look** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | a Cepheid | | | | | dimmer *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | | 9 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | star's pulse | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 10 | **is** | must | star | | | | | away, far *property* | tree rules | | 11 | **pulse** | | star | | | | | | nom pulse «event transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How we know: measuring the sky, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/14/) - next →: [How we know: measuring the sky, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/)