--- title: Astronomers measure distances to nearby stars by parallax: a star se… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics description: Astronomers measure distances to nearby stars by parallax: a star seems to shift slightly against far-off stars as Earth moves round the Sun; the farther apart the two places you look from, the bigger the shift. Who acts: Astronomers, star, Earth, you. A sentence of the lesson «How we know: measurin --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [How we know: measuring the sky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/) / 7 # How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 7 Astronomers measure distances to nearby stars by parallax: a star seems to shift slightly against far-off stars as Earth moves round the Sun; the farther apart the two places you look from, the bigger the shift. **Who acts:** Astronomers, star, Earth, you · **What happens:** measure, seem, shift, move, look · **To what, where:** distances, stars, Sun, two places This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Astronomers, star, Earth, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:7 # text = Astronomers measure distances to nearby stars by parallax: a star seems to shift slightly against far-off stars as Earth moves round the Sun; the farther apart the two places you look from, the bigger the shift. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Astronomers astronomer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 measure measure VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 distances distance NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 4 to to ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 nearby nearby ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nmod _ _ 7 by by ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 parallax parallax NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 9 : : PUNCT : _ 12 punct _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 star star NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 12 seems seem VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 13 to to PART TO _ 14 mark _ _ 14 shift shift VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 12 xcomp _ _ 15 slightly slightly ADV RB _ 14 advmod _ _ 16 against against ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 17 far far ADV RB Degree=Pos 20 advmod _ _ 18 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 19 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct 19 off off ADP RP _ 17 compound:prt _ _ 20 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 obl _ _ 21 as as SCONJ IN _ 23 mark _ _ 22 Earth Earth PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _ 23 moves move VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 advcl _ _ 24 round round ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 Sun Sun PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 27 ; ; PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 farther far ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 12 xcomp _ _ 30 apart apart ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 32 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 33 nummod _ _ 33 places place NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obl _ _ 34 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 35 nsubj _ _ 35 look look VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 33 acl:relcl _ _ 36 from from ADP IN _ 35 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=35:advmod 37 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 bigger big ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 29 advcl _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 shift shift NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **measure** | present | Astronomers | distances | | | | to nearby stars; by parallax | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme distance=Value | | 2 | **seem** | present | a star | | | | | far *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute | | 3 | **shift** | to-infinitive | a star *not said here* | stars | | | | slightly *property* | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **move** | present | Earth | | | the Sun | | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme round sun=Trajectory | | 5 | **look** | present | you | the two places *not said here* | | | | | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme place=Attribute | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How we know: measuring the sky, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/6/) - next →: [How we know: measuring the sky, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/)