--- title: The European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft measured the positions a… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics description: The European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft measured the positions and motions of nearly two billion stars before it was switched off in 2025. Who acts: Gaia spacecraft. A sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree an --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Space](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/) / [How we know: measuring the sky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/) / 9 # How we know: measuring the sky, sentence 9 The European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft measured the positions and motions of nearly two billion stars before it was switched off in 2025. **Who acts:** Gaia spacecraft · **What happens:** measure, switch off · **To what, where:** positions, spacecraft, 2025 This is a sentence of the lesson «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Gaia spacecraft), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:9 # text = The European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft measured the positions and motions of nearly two billion stars before it was switched off in 2025. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = space # lesson = 028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 2 European European PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 3 Space Space PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 Agency Agency PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 nmod:poss _ _ 5 's 's PART POS _ 4 case _ _ 6 Gaia Gaia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 compound _ _ 7 spacecraft spacecraft NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 8 measured measure VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 positions position NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obj _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 motions motion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 conj _ _ 13 of of ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 14 nearly nearly ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 15 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 16 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=16:nummod 16 billion billion NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 17 nummod _ _ 17 stars star NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:nmod 18 before before SCONJ IN _ 21 mark _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj:pass _ _ 20 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 21 aux:pass _ _ 21 switched switch VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 advcl _ _ 22 off off ADP RP _ 21 compound:prt _ _ 23 in in ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 24 2025 2025 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 21 obl _ _ 25 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **measure** | past | the European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft | the positions of billion stars and motions | | | | | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme position=Value | | 2 | **switch off** | past · passive | | spacecraft | | 2025 | | | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:028-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How we know: measuring the sky, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/8/) - next →: [How we know: measuring the sky, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/)