---
title: Venus's whole surface is quite young, perhaps 300 to 700 million yea… — Venus · tree and pragmatics
description: Venus's whole surface is quite young, perhaps 300 to 700 million years old, probably covered over by fresh lava, so it has fairly few craters. Who acts: whole surface, surface. A sentence of the lesson «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics o
---

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# Venus, sentence 14

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Venus's whole surface is quite young, perhaps 300 to 700 million years old, probably covered over by fresh lava, so it has fairly few craters.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** whole surface, surface · **What happens:** be, cover over, have · **To what, where:** few craters

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (whole surface, surface), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:space:004-venus.lesson:14
# text = Venus's whole surface is quite young, perhaps 300 to 700 million years old, probably covered over by fresh lava, so it has fairly few craters.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = space
# lesson = 004-venus.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2
1	Venus	Venus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
9	perhaps	perhaps	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:advmod
10	300	300	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	compound	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	700	700	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nmod	_	_
13	million	million	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl:unmarked	_	_
15	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	appos	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	probably	probably	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	conj	_	_
19	over	over	ADP	RP	_	18	compound:prt	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=18:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	so	so	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:advcl
27	fairly	fairly	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	craters	crater	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obj	_	_
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Venus's whole surface |  |  |  |  | young *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cover over** | participle | Venus's whole surface *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by fresh lava; probably *property* | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **have** | present | surface | few craters |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crater=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:004-venus.lesson:14`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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