---
title: Venus may once have had oceans, but it lost its water to space as it… — Venus · tree and pragmatics
description: Venus may once have had oceans, but it lost its water to space as it heated up; scientists still debate how long any oceans lasted. Who acts: Venus, ocean, scientists, oceans. A sentence of the lesson «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of
---

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# Venus, sentence 15

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Venus may once have had oceans, but it lost its water to space as it heated up; scientists still debate how long any oceans lasted.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Venus, ocean, scientists, oceans · **What happens:** have, lose, heat up, debate, last · **To what, where:** oceans, water

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Venus, ocean, scientists, oceans), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:space:004-venus.lesson:15
# text = Venus may once have had oceans, but it lost its water to space as it heated up; scientists still debate how long any oceans lasted.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = space
# lesson = 004-venus.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Venus	Venus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	once	once	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	oceans	ocean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:parataxis
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	heated	heat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
18	up	up	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	_
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
20	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
21	still	still	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	debate	debate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
23	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	24	advmod	_	_
24	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	22	advmod	_	_
25	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	26	det	_	_
26	oceans	ocean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
27	lasted	last	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	ccomp	_	_
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | may · perfect | Venus | oceans |  |  |  | once *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ocean=Patient |
| 2 | **lose** | past | ocean | ocean's water |  |  |  | to space | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Eventuality |
| 3 | **heat up** | past | ocean |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **debate** | present | scientists |  |  |  | still | long *property* | vn chit\_chat-37.6-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **last** | past | any oceans |  |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:space:004-venus.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Venus, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/4-venus/14/)
- next →: [Venus, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/4-venus/16/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/space/4-venus/)