--- title: A helmet is a hard shell over foam that crushes in a crash and absor… — Bicycles and other wheels · tree and pragmatics description: A helmet is a hard shell over foam that crushes in a crash and absorbs the hit; the foam only works once, so a helmet must be replaced after a crash even if it looks fine. Who acts: helmet, hard shell, foam. A sentence of the lesson «Bicycles and other wheels» of the technology course of Mova's prim --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Technology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/) / [Bicycles and other wheels](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/) / 12 # Bicycles and other wheels, sentence 12 A helmet is a hard shell over foam that crushes in a crash and absorbs the hit; the foam only works once, so a helmet must be replaced after a crash even if it looks fine. **Who acts:** helmet, hard shell, foam · **What happens:** be, crush, absorb, work, replace, look · **To what, where:** hard shell, foam, crash, hit, helmet This is a sentence of the lesson «Bicycles and other wheels» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (helmet, hard shell, foam), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:technology:025-bicycles-and-other-wheels.lesson:12 # text = A helmet is a hard shell over foam that crushes in a crash and absorbs the hit; the foam only works once, so a helmet must be replaced after a crash even if it looks fine. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = technology # lesson = 025-bicycles-and-other-wheels.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 helmet helmet NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 shell shell NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 7 over over ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 foam foam NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 9 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 10 nsubj _ _ 10 crushes crush VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 acl:relcl _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 crash crash NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 15 absorbs absorb VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 hit hit NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obj _ _ 18 ; ; PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 foam foam NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nsubj _ _ 21 only only ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 22 works work VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 parataxis _ _ 23 once once ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult 22 advmod _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 25 so so ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 26 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 helmet helmet NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj:pass _ _ 28 must must AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 30 aux _ _ 29 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 30 aux:pass _ _ 30 replaced replace VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 22 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:conj 31 after after ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 33 crash crash NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obl _ _ 34 even even ADV RB _ 37 advmod _ _ 35 if if SCONJ IN _ 37 mark _ _ 36 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 37 nsubj _ _ 37 looks look VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 advcl _ _ 38 fine fine ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 37 xcomp _ _ 39 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a helmet | a hard shell | | foam | | | tree rules | | 2 | **crush** | present | a hard shell | | | a crash | | | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | | 3 | **absorb** | present | a hard shell *not said here* | the hit | | | | | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal hit=Theme | | 4 | **work** | present | the foam | | | | | once *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **replace** | must · passive | | a helmet | | | after a crash | | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme | | 6 | **look** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | foam | | | | | fine *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:technology:025-bicycles-and-other-wheels.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Bicycles and other wheels, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/11/) - next →: [Bicycles and other wheels, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/)