--- title: Before machines, tunnels were dug by hand with picks, shovels and ex… — Tunnels and what lies under the street · tree and pragmatics description: Before machines, tunnels were dug by hand with picks, shovels and explosives by the light of candles or lamps; the first tunnel under the River Thames opened in 1843. Who acts: hand, first tunnel. A sentence of the lesson «Tunnels and what lies under the street» of the technology course of Mova's pr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/29-tunnels-and-under-the-street/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Technology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/) / [Tunnels and what lies under the street](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/29-tunnels-and-under-the-street/) / 16 # Tunnels and what lies under the street, sentence 16 Before machines, tunnels were dug by hand with picks, shovels and explosives by the light of candles or lamps; the first tunnel under the River Thames opened in 1843. **Who acts:** hand, first tunnel · **What happens:** dig, open, light · **To what, where:** tunnels, 1843, candles This is a sentence of the lesson «Tunnels and what lies under the street» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hand, first tunnel), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:technology:029-tunnels-and-under-the-street.lesson:16 # text = Before machines, tunnels were dug by hand with picks, shovels and explosives by the light of candles or lamps; the first tunnel under the River Thames opened in 1843. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = technology # lesson = 029-tunnels-and-under-the-street.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1 1 Before before ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 machines machine NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obl _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 tunnels tunnel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 5 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _ 6 dug dig VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 30 conj _ _ 7 by by ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 hand hand NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ _ 9 with with ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 picks pick NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obl _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 shovels shovel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 conj _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 explosives explosive NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 conj _ _ 15 by by ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 light light NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:nmod 18 of of ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 candles candle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nmod _ _ 20 or or CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 21 lamps lamp NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 conj _ _ 22 ; ; PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 24 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 25 amod _ _ 25 tunnel tunnel NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 26 under under ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 28 River River PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 Thames Thames PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 30 opened open VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 31 in in ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 1843 1843 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 30 obl _ _ 33 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=30:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **dig** | past · passive | hand | tunnels | | | before machines | with picks and shovels and explosives; by the light of candles or lamps | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme PP.instsrument»: agent=Agent subject=Theme with pick=Instrument | | 2 | **open** | past | the first tunnel under the River Thames | | | 1843 | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 1843=Location | | 3 | **light** | | | candles or lamps | | | | | nom light «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:technology:029-tunnels-and-under-the-street.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Tunnels and what lies under the street, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/29-tunnels-and-under-the-street/15/) - next →: [Tunnels and what lies under the street, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/29-tunnels-and-under-the-street/18/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/29-tunnels-and-under-the-street/)