--- title: A road is built in layers: crushed stone rolled hard at the bottom,… — Roads and road signs · tree and pragmatics description: A road is built in layers: crushed stone rolled hard at the bottom, then hot asphalt, a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen, spread and rolled flat on top; people often call it tarmac. Who acts: people. A sentence of the lesson «Roads and road signs» of the technology course of Mova's primary sch --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Technology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/) / [Roads and road signs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/) / 7 # Roads and road signs, sentence 7 A road is built in layers: crushed stone rolled hard at the bottom, then hot asphalt, a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen, spread and rolled flat on top; people often call it tarmac. **Who acts:** people · **What happens:** build, crush, roll, spread, call · **To what, where:** road, layers, crushed stone, bottom, mix, top · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Roads and road signs» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:technology:031-roads-and-road-signs.lesson:7 # text = A road is built in layers: crushed stone rolled hard at the bottom, then hot asphalt, a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen, spread and rolled flat on top; people often call it tarmac. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = technology # lesson = 031-roads-and-road-signs.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 road road NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 built build VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 layers layer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ 7 : : PUNCT : _ 9 punct _ _ 8 crushed crush VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 amod _ _ 9 stone stone NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 10 rolled roll VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 acl _ _ 11 hard hard ADV RB Degree=Pos 10 advmod _ _ 12 at at ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 bottom bottom NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 16 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 18 advmod _ _ 17 hot hot ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 18 asphalt asphalt NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 conj _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 20 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 mix mix NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod _ _ 22 of of ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 stones stone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nmod _ _ 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 25 sticky sticky ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 26 black black ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 bitumen bitumen NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 29 spread spread VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 21 acl _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 31 rolled roll VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 29 conj _ _ 32 flat flat ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 33 on on ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 34 top top NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 obl _ _ 35 ; ; PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 36 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 nsubj _ _ 37 often often ADV RB _ 38 advmod _ _ 38 call call VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 39 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 obj _ _ 40 tarmac tarmac NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 xcomp _ _ 41 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **build** | present · passive | | a road | | layers crushed stone | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | | 2 | **crush** | participle | | | | | | | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | | 3 | **roll** | participle | | crushed stone *not said here* | | the bottom a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen and hot asphalt | | hard *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at bottom=Trajectory | | 4 | **spread** | participle | | a mix of stones and sticky black bitumen *not said here* | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **roll** | participle | | | | top | | flat *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on top=Trajectory | | 6 | **call** | present | people | road | | | | often *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:technology:031-roads-and-road-signs.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Roads and road signs, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/6/) - next →: [Roads and road signs, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/)