---
title: Endings tell you who is talking: a boy says ya vyhRAv, a girl ya vyh… — Olympiad: endings and polite forms ★★★ · tree and pragmatics
description: Endings tell you who is talking: a boy says ya vyhRAv, a girl ya vyhRAla; a boy is ya hoLOdnyi, a girl ya hoLOdna — so a note saying «ya vpala» was written by a girl. Who acts: Endings, boy, note, girl. A sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: endings and polite forms ★★★» of the ukrainian street course 
---

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# Olympiad: endings and polite forms ★★★, sentence 1

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Endings tell you who is talking: a boy says ya vyhRAv, a girl ya vyhRAla; a boy is ya hoLOdnyi, a girl ya hoLOdna — so a note saying «ya vpala» was written by a girl.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Endings, boy, note, girl · **What happens:** tell, talk, say, be, write · **To what, where:** you, ya, note · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: endings and polite forms ★★★» of the ukrainian street course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Endings, boy, note, girl), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:ukrainian-street:032-olympiad-endings-and-polite-forms.lesson:1
# text = Endings tell you who is talking: a boy says ya vyhRAv, a girl ya vyhRAla; a boy is ya hoLOdnyi, a girl ya hoLOdna — so a note saying «ya vpala» was written by a girl.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = ukrainian-street
# lesson = 032-olympiad-endings-and-polite-forms.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tell	tell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	talking	talk	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
11	ya	ya	X	GW	_	10	ccomp	_	_
12	vyhRAv	vyhRAv	X	GW	_	11	goeswith	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	parataxis	_	_
16	ya	ya	X	GW	_	11	goeswith	_	_
17	vyhRAla	vyhrala	X	GW	_	16	goeswith	_	_
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
22	ya	ya	X	GW	_	26	case	_	_
23	hoLOdnyi	holodnyi	X	GW	_	22	goeswith	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
27	ya	ya	X	GW	ExtPos=PROPN	26	appos	_	_
28	hoLOdna	hoLOdna	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	27	goeswith	_	_
29	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
30	so	so	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	nsubj:pass	_	_
33	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	32	acl	_	_
34	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	35	punct	_	_
35	ya	ya	X	GW	_	33	obj	_	_
36	vpala	vpala	X	GW	_	35	goeswith	_	_
37	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	35	punct	_	_
38	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	39	aux:pass	_	_
39	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
40	by	by	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obl	_	_
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=assert

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | Endings |  | you |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent you=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **talk** | present · progressive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a boy |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | present | a boy |  |  |  |  | ya a girl | tree rules |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | a note *not said here* | ya |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent ya=Topic |
| 6 | **write** | past · passive | a girl | a note |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:ukrainian-street:032-olympiad-endings-and-polite-forms.lesson:1`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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