--- title: World — a course of Mova's primary school, with trees and pragmatics description: The world around us, science for the youngest: day and night, the seasons and the tilt of the Earth, the Moon and its phases, the solar system, the Sun and the stars, gravity, the shape of the Earth, eclipses, time and the calendar, solids, liquids and gases, weather, water and life on Earth. 164 le --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / World # World The world around us, science for the youngest: day and night, the seasons and the tilt of the Earth, the Moon and its phases, the solar system, the Sun and the stars, gravity, the shape of the Earth, eclipses, time and the calendar, solids, liquids and gases, weather, water and life on Earth. The world course of Mova's primary school: 164 lessons, 3239 sentences, each sentence with its syntax tree and pragmatics. Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) (Mova corpus 0.4). **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/page/2/) - [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/1-day-and-night/) — Day and night — 14 sentences · The Earth is a huge ball that spins around an imaginary line through its middle, called its axis. - [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/2-seasons-and-the-tilt/) — The seasons and the tilt of the axis — 19 sentences · The Earth travels around the Sun once a year, and its axis is not upright but tilted, always leaning the sam… - [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/3-the-moon-and-its-phases/) — The Moon and its phases — 16 sentences · The Moon is a ball of rock that goes around the Earth about once a month; it makes no light of its own and s… - [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/4-the-solar-system/) — The solar system and the planets — 16 sentences · The solar system is the Sun and everything that goes around it: eight planets, their moons, dwarf planets su… - [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/5-the-sun-and-the-stars/) — The Sun as a star and the stars — 19 sentences · The Sun is a star: a gigantic ball of very hot gas that makes its own light and heat. - [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/6-gravity/) — Gravity — 17 sentences · Gravity is a pull that every object has on every other object; the more matter (mass) something has, the str… - [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/7-shape-and-size-of-the-earth/) — The shape and size of the Earth, the poles and the equator — 17 sentences · The Earth is a ball, very slightly flattened at the top and bottom; it looks flat to us only because it is s… - [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/8-eclipses/) — Eclipses — 17 sentences · An eclipse happens when the Sun, the Earth and the Moon stand in one straight line, so that one of them cast… - [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/9-time-zones-and-the-calendar/) — Time zones and the calendar — 18 sentences · Because the Earth turns, noon comes to different places at different times: when it is noon in London, it is… - [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/10-reasoning-about-space/) — Thinking like an astronomer — 16 sentences · The Moon turns around its own axis exactly once while it goes around the Earth once, so it always keeps the… - [11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/11-solids-liquids-gases/) — Solids, liquids and gases — 16 sentences · Everything around us is made of matter: anything that has mass and takes up space, even the air. - [12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/12-melting-freezing-boiling/) — Melting, freezing and boiling — 17 sentences · When a solid is heated enough, its particles move so much that they break free from their places and it beco… - [13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/13-evaporation-condensation/) — Evaporation and condensation — 15 sentences · Water does not need to boil to become a gas: at any temperature some particles at the surface move fast enou… - [14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/14-the-water-cycle/) — The water cycle — 17 sentences · The water on Earth is used again and again in a never-ending journey called the water cycle. - [15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/15-weather/) — Weather: pressure, wind, clouds and storms — 17 sentences · Weather is what the air is like at one place and time: hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or windy, cloudy or cle… - [16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/16-climate-zones/) — Climate zones — 14 sentences · Weather changes from day to day, but climate is the usual weather of a place, measured over many years. - [17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/17-air-oxygen-carbon-dioxide/) — Air and why we need it — 18 sentences · Air is a mixture of gases: about four fifths is nitrogen, about one fifth is oxygen, and the rest is a littl… - [18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/18-materials-and-properties/) — Materials and their properties — 18 sentences · We choose a material for a job because of its properties. - [19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/19-mixtures-and-separating/) — Mixtures and how to separate them — 13 sentences · A mixture is two or more substances mixed together without becoming a new substance; each keeps its own prop… - [20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/20-reasoning-water-and-matter/) — Clever reasoning about water and matter — 14 sentences · Because ice floats, a pond freezes from the top down. - [21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/21-parts-of-a-plant/) — Parts of a plant and what each does — 15 sentences · A flowering plant is like a small factory with different parts doing different jobs. - [22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/22-photosynthesis/) — How plants make their food — 17 sentences · Plants make their own food in a process called photosynthesis, which means "putting together with light". - [23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/23-flowers-and-seeds/) — Flowers, pollination and how seeds travel — 15 sentences · A flower is how a plant makes seeds. - [24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/24-animal-groups/) — Groups of animals and how to tell them apart — 18 sentences · Scientists sort animals into groups by their bodies, not by where they live or how they move. - [25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/25-life-cycles/) — Life cycles — 17 sentences · Every living thing goes through a life cycle: it begins, grows, becomes an adult, makes young of its own, an… - [26](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/26-food-chains-and-webs/) — Food chains and food webs — 15 sentences · Every food chain starts with a producer, a plant or alga that makes its own food from sunlight; the animals… - [27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/27-habitats-and-adaptations/) — Habitats and adaptations — 18 sentences · A habitat is the place where a living thing lives and finds food, water, shelter and a mate: a desert, the A… - [28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/28-migration-and-hibernation/) — Migration and hibernation — 17 sentences · Winter is hard for animals: it is cold, days are short, and food like insects, fruit and fresh leaves become… - [29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/29-classifying-unusual-animals/) — Classifying unusual animals — 16 sentences · Some animals look as if they belong to one group but really belong to another, because we sort animals by th… - [30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/30-balance-in-food-webs/) — Balance in a food web — 17 sentences · When an animal eats, most of the energy in its food is used up for moving, keeping warm and living, and only… - [31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/31-skeleton-and-muscles/) — The skeleton and muscles — 19 sentences · Inside your body is a frame of bones called the skeleton; an adult has 206 bones. - [32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/32-heart-blood-breathing/) — The heart, blood and breathing — 19 sentences · Every cell of your body needs oxygen to turn food into energy, and oxygen comes from the air. - [33](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/33-digestion/) — Digestion: from mouth to intestines — 19 sentences · Food is too big and lumpy for the body to use, so it has to be broken down into tiny pieces small enough to… - [34](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/34-brain-nerves-senses/) — The brain, nerves and the five senses — 18 sentences · The brain is the control centre of the body. - [35](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/35-teeth-and-care/) — Teeth and their care — 20 sentences · Teeth cut, tear and grind food so it can be swallowed and digested. - [36](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/36-healthy-food/) — Healthy food, water and vitamins — 20 sentences · Food gives the body energy and the materials it needs to grow and to repair itself. - [37](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/37-germs-hygiene-vaccines/) — Germs, hygiene and vaccines — 21 sentences · Germs are living things too small to see without a microscope. - [38](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/38-sleep-exercise-growing/) — Sleep, exercise and growing up — 21 sentences · Sleep is not wasted time. - [39](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/39-first-aid-and-safety/) — First aid and safety — 22 sentences · First aid is the help you give someone straight away, before a doctor comes. - [40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/40-body-and-physics-reasoning/) — Thinking like a scientist: the body and physics — 18 sentences · Many puzzles about the body are solved by joining what we know about the body with what we know about energy… - [41](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/41-maps-and-compass/) — Maps, plans and the compass — 14 sentences · A map is a drawing of a place as a bird would see it from high above, made much smaller so that it fits on p… - [42](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/42-continents-and-oceans/) — Continents and oceans — 19 sentences · Most of the Earth's surface is covered by water: about seven tenths is ocean and only about three tenths is… - [43](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/43-landforms/) — Mountains, rivers and seas, and how the land is shaped — 20 sentences · The outer shell of the Earth is not one piece: it is broken into huge slabs called plates, which float on ho… - [44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/44-the-usa-and-its-states/) — The United States and its states — 17 sentences · The United States of America is a huge country in North America made of 50 states; its capital is Washington… - [45](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/45-uk-ireland-canada-australia-nz/) — The UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand — 15 sentences · The United Kingdom is made of four nations, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, on islands off th… - [46](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/) — Countries, peoples and languages of the world — 14 sentences · About 8 billion people live on Earth, in about 195 countries; a country has its own borders, its own governm… - [47](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/47-natural-resources/) — Natural resources and why we must save them — 16 sentences · Natural resources are the things people take from nature to live: water, air, soil, wood, fish, sunlight, wi… - [48](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/48-time-and-history/) — Time and history: the timeline and how people lived long ago — 16 sentences · History is the story of how people lived in the past; we put events in order on a timeline, a line where eac… - [49](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/49-map-puzzles/) — Map reading puzzles — 15 sentences · To read a map well you combine three things: the directions, the scale and the legend. - [50](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/) — Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts — 13 sentences · Rivers flow to the sea because gravity pulls water downhill, and the sea is the lowest place it can reach; t… - [51](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/51-forces/) — Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and magnets — 19 sentences · A force is a push or a pull. - [52](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/52-simple-machines/) — Simple machines and how they help — 20 sentences · A simple machine is a tool that makes a job easier by changing how much force we need or which way we push. - [53](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/53-light/) — Light, shadows and colours — 20 sentences · Light comes from sources such as the Sun, a lamp or a fire. - [54](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/54-sound/) — Sound — vibrations, loudness, pitch and echoes — 18 sentences · Every sound is made by something vibrating — moving quickly back and forth. - [55](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/55-electricity/) — Electricity — circuits, switches and safety — 19 sentences · Electricity is a flow of tiny charged particles through a material. - [56](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/56-energy/) — Energy — where it comes from and how to save it — 21 sentences · Energy is what makes things happen: it moves cars, warms houses, lights rooms and lets us run and think. - [57](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/57-environment/) — Caring for the environment — 20 sentences · The environment is everything around us: air, water, soil, plants and animals. - [58](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/58-people-and-society/) — People and society — communities, work, money and rules — 21 sentences · A community is a group of people who live, learn or work together and help one another — a family, a class,… - [59](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/59-inventions-computers-internet/) — Inventions, computers and the internet — 23 sentences · An invention is a new thing or a new way of doing something that solves a problem. - [60](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/60-reasoning-energy-technology/) — Thinking it through — forces, heat, light and energy — 15 sentences · Scientists explain surprising things by using a few simple rules carefully, one step after another. - [61](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/) — Rocks, minerals and fossils — 18 sentences · Rocks are made of minerals, natural solid materials each built from the same tiny particles arranged in a re… - [62](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/62-volcanoes-and-earthquakes/) — Volcanoes and earthquakes up close — 22 sentences · Under the Earth's thin rocky crust lies the mantle, hot rock that is solid but flows very slowly; the plates… - [63](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/63-soil-and-what-lives-in-it/) — Soil and what lives in it — 16 sentences · Soil is the thin, loose top layer of the land where plants grow. - [64](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/64-rivers-lakes-and-the-sea/) — Rivers, lakes and the sea up close — 17 sentences · A river collects water from all the land that slopes towards it, called its drainage basin; small streams ca… - [65](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/65-glaciers-ice-ages-polar-lands/) — Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands — 22 sentences · A glacier is a huge mass of ice that slowly flows downhill under its own weight. - [66](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/66-deserts-rainforests-grasslands/) — Deserts, rainforests and grasslands — 22 sentences · A biome is a large region of the Earth with its own climate and its own kinds of plants and animals; which b… - [67](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/67-clouds-rain-snow-hail/) — Clouds, rain, snow and hail — 19 sentences · A cloud is made of billions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals, so small that the gentlest rising air ke… - [68](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/68-storms-and-wild-winds/) — Storms: thunder, lightning, hurricanes and tornadoes — 19 sentences · A thunderstorm grows when warm, damp air rises very fast and cools, building a tall, dark tower of cloud cal… - [69](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/69-wind-and-the-atmosphere/) — Wind and the air around the Earth — 20 sentences · The Earth is wrapped in a thin blanket of air called the atmosphere, held to the planet by gravity. - [70](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/70-the-night-sky/) — Stars, planets and constellations in the night sky — 16 sentences · On a dark, clear night far from city lights you can see a few thousand stars with your eyes alone; in a city… - [71](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/71-rockets-satellites-astronauts/) — Rockets, satellites and astronauts — 21 sentences · A rocket works like a balloon let go: it throws hot gas out of its tail very hard, and the gas pushes the ro… - [72](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/72-insects-and-spiders/) — Insects and spiders — 18 sentences · An insect's body has three parts: the head with its eyes and antennae, the thorax where all six legs and the… - [73](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/73-birds-feathers-nests-flight/) — Birds: feathers, nests and flight — 19 sentences · Feathers are made of keratin, the same stuff as our hair and nails. - [74](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/) — Fish, frogs and reptiles — 21 sentences · A fish takes in water through its mouth and pushes it out over its gills, where the blood picks up the oxyge… - [75](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/75-mammals-and-their-young/) — Mammals and how they care for their young — 18 sentences · All mammals feed their babies with milk made in the mother's body, so every baby mammal needs its mother at… - [76](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/) — Trees and forests through the year — 17 sentences · A tree is a large plant with a woody trunk; each year it grows a new layer of wood under its bark, which we… - [77](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/77-fungi-bacteria-tiny-living-things/) — Fungi, bacteria and tiny living things — 18 sentences · Fungi are not plants: they have no green chlorophyll and cannot make their own food, so they feed on dead or… - [78](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/78-dinosaurs-and-life-long-ago/) — Dinosaurs and life long ago — 17 sentences · Life on Earth has changed over a very long time: the first living things were tiny single cells in the sea,… - [79](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/79-senses-of-animals/) — Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell — 17 sentences · Every animal's senses fit the way it lives: a hunter needs to find its food, and the hunted need to notice d… - [80](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/80-farms-and-our-food/) — Farms and where our food comes from — 16 sentences · Almost all our food comes from farms: crops grown in fields and greenhouses, and animals kept for milk, eggs… - [81](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/81-magnets/) — Magnets — 15 sentences · A magnet pulls things made of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt, even without touching them; most other materia… - [82](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/82-heat-and-temperature/) — Heat and temperature: how things warm and cool — 24 sentences · Temperature tells us how hot or cold something is; we measure it with a thermometer in degrees Celsius (°C). - [83](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/83-floating-and-sinking/) — Floating and sinking: the push of water — 23 sentences · When you put something in water, the water pushes it upwards. - [84](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/84-mirrors-shadows-colours/) — Mirrors, shadows and colours — 23 sentences · A mirror reflects light like a ball bouncing off a wall: the light leaves the mirror at the same angle as it… - [85](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/85-pushes-pulls-friction-wheels/) — Pushes, pulls, friction and wheels — 22 sentences · When two forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are balanced, and the object does not change its m… - [86](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/86-building-strong-things/) — Building strong things: bridges, towers and shapes — 27 sentences · Builders think about two kinds of force inside a structure. - [87](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/87-electricity-at-home-and-safety/) — Electricity at home and staying safe — 24 sentences · Electricity for our homes is made in power stations, wind farms and solar farms. - [88](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/88-recycling-waste-plastic/) — Recycling, waste and plastic — 23 sentences · It can be buried in a landfill, burned in an incinerator that often makes electricity from the heat, or sort… - [89](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/89-saving-water-and-energy/) — Saving water and energy at home — 16 sentences · Almost all the water on Earth is salty sea water; only a tiny part is fresh water we can drink, and most of… - [90](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/90-measuring-the-world/) — Measuring the world — length, mass, time and temperature — 17 sentences · Long ago people measured with hands, feet and steps, but everyone's feet are different, so the same room cou… - [91](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/91-being-a-scientist/) — Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence — 16 sentences · A scientist starts with a question, makes a careful guess called a prediction, and then tests it to see whet… - [92](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/92-human-life-cycle/) — The human life cycle and growing up — 15 sentences · Every person starts as a single tiny cell that grows inside the mother's womb, a special place in her belly,… - [93](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/93-lungs-air-keeping-fit/) — Lungs, air and keeping fit — 20 sentences · The air you breathe in is about one fifth oxygen; most of the rest is nitrogen, which your body does not use. - [94](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/94-medicines-doctors-hospitals/) — Medicines, doctors and hospitals — 18 sentences · A medicine is a substance that helps the body fight an illness, eases pain or prevents a disease; the right… - [95](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/95-money-shops-work-town/) — Money, shops and work in a town — 16 sentences · Before a loaf of bread reaches you, many people work on it: a farmer grows wheat, a miller grinds flour, a b… - [96](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/96-laws-voting-government/) — Laws, voting and how a country is run — 20 sentences · A country has millions of people, so they cannot all meet in one room to decide things. - [97](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/97-festivals-holidays-traditions/) — Festivals, holidays and traditions in the English-speaking world — 19 sentences · A festival or holiday is a special day when people remember something important, celebrate a season or share… - [98](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/98-explorers-mapping-the-world/) — Explorers and how the world was mapped — 24 sentences · Long ago nobody had a map of the whole world. - [99](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/) — Transport: from horses to planes — 23 sentences · For most of history people travelled on foot, by boat, or with animals. - [100](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/) — Communication: letters, phones, radio and the internet — 22 sentences · For most of history a long message could travel only as fast as the person or animal carrying it. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/page/2/) - ← previous: [Ukrainian street](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/ukrainian-street/) - ↑ back to [the school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/)