--- title: In 1840 Britain began the Penny Black, the first postage stamp: the… — Communication: letters, phones, radio and the in… · tree and pragmatics description: In 1840 Britain began the Penny Black, the first postage stamp: the sender paid a penny in advance, whatever the distance, and sending letters became cheap for everyone. Who acts: Britain, sender, whatever, sending. A sentence of the lesson «Communication: letters, phones, radio and the internet» of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Communication: letters, phones, radio…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/) / 3 # Communication: letters, phones, radio and the internet, sentence 3 In 1840 Britain began the Penny Black, the first postage stamp: the sender paid a penny in advance, whatever the distance, and sending letters became cheap for everyone. **Who acts:** Britain, sender, whatever, sending · **What happens:** begin, pay, distance, send, become · **To what, where:** Penny Black, 1840, penny, advance, letters This is a sentence of the lesson «Communication: letters, phones, radio and the internet» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Britain, sender, whatever, sending), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:100-communication-letters-to-internet.lesson:3 # text = In 1840 Britain began the Penny Black, the first postage stamp: the sender paid a penny in advance, whatever the distance, and sending letters became cheap for everyone. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 100-communication-letters-to-internet.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 1840 1840 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 4 obl _ _ 3 Britain Britain PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 4 began begin VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 6 Penny Penny PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 compound _ _ 7 Black Black PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 obj _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 10 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 12 amod _ _ 11 postage postage NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 compound _ _ 12 stamp stamp NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 appos _ _ 13 : : PUNCT : _ 16 punct _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 sender sender NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ _ 16 paid pay VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 parataxis _ _ 17 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 penny penny NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obj _ _ 19 in in ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 advance advance NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 22 whatever whatever PRON WP PronType=Rel 24 nsubj _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 distance distance NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=27:punct 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 27 sending send VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 29 csubj _ _ 28 letters letter NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj _ _ 29 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 16 conj _ _ 30 cheap cheap ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 xcomp _ _ 31 for for ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 everyone everyone PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Tot 30 obl _ _ 33 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **begin** | past | Britain | the Penny Black | | 1840 | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent black=Eventuality | | 2 | **pay** | past | the sender | a penny | | advance | | | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penny=Asset | | 3 | **distance** | | whatever | | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **send** | gerund | | letters | | | | | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme | | 5 | **become** | past | sending | | | | | cheap *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:100-communication-letters-to-internet.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Communication: letters, phones, radio…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/2/) - next →: [Communication: letters, phones, radio…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/100-communication-letters-to-internet/)