---
title: Europe's first mechanical clocks, about 700 years ago, often had one… — Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, ca… · tree and pragmatics
description: Europe's first mechanical clocks, about 700 years ago, often had one hand or none at all. Who acts: first mechanical clocks. A sentence of the lesson «Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses, sentence 10

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Europe's first mechanical clocks, about 700 years ago, often had one hand or none at all.

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**Who acts:** first mechanical clocks · **What happens:** have · **To what, where:** one hand

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (first mechanical clocks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson:10
# text = Europe's first mechanical clocks, about 700 years ago, often had one hand or none at all.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	_
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	5	amod	_	_
4	mechanical	mechanical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
5	clocks	clock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
7	about	about	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	700	700	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl:unmarked	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=15:cc
17	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	15	conj	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	nmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:obl
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Europe's first mechanical clocks | one hand |  |  | year | often *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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