---
title: Early mechanical clocks in Europe, about 700 years ago, often had on… — Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, ca… · tree and pragmatics
description: Early mechanical clocks in Europe, about 700 years ago, often had only an hour hand. Who acts: Early mechanical clocks. A sentence of the lesson «Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragm
---

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# Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses, sentence 21

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Early mechanical clocks in Europe, about 700 years ago, often had only an hour hand.

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**Who acts:** Early mechanical clocks · **What happens:** have · **To what, where:** hour hand

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Early mechanical clocks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson:21
# text = Early mechanical clocks in Europe, about 700 years ago, often had only an hour hand.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2
1	Early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	mechanical	mechanical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	clocks	clock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	about	about	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	700	700	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl:unmarked	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:obl:unmarked
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=9:advmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	only	only	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
15	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Early mechanical clocks in Europe | a hour hand |  |  |  | ago, often *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:122-clocks-before-clocks.lesson:21`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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