---
title: Toby says sharks can't get cancer. — "How do you know?" · tree and pragmatics
description: Toby says sharks can't get cancer. Who acts: Toby, sharks. A sentence of the lesson «"How do you know?"» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# "How do you know?", sentence 3

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toby says sharks can't get cancer.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Toby, sharks · **What happens:** say, not get · **To what, where:** cancer · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «"How do you know?"» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Toby, sharks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:186-how-do-you-know.lesson:3
# text = Toby says sharks can't get cancer.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 186-how-do-you-know.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Toby	Toby	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
7	cancer	cancer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Toby |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **get** | can | sharks | cancer |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cancer=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:186-how-do-you-know.lesson:3`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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