---
title: Black swans live in Australia, so "all swans are white" is false. — One counterexample is enough · tree and pragmatics
description: Black swans live in Australia, so "all swans are white" is false. Who acts: Black swans, swans. A sentence of the lesson «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# One counterexample is enough, sentence 8

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Black swans live in Australia, so "all swans are white" is false.

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**Who acts:** Black swans, swans · **What happens:** live, be · **To what, where:** Australia · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Black swans, swans), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough.lesson:8
# text = Black swans live in Australia, so "all swans are white" is false.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 187-one-counterexample-is-enough.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=3:punct
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=7:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	csubj	_	_
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=15:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:advcl
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Black swans |  |  | Australia |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in australia=Location |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | all swans |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough.lesson:8`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [One counterexample is enough, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/7/)
- next →: [One counterexample is enough, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/9/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/)