---
title: One true example against an "all" claim, like a penguin against "all… — Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★ · tree and pragmatics
description: One true example against an "all" claim, like a penguin against "all birds can fly", is enough to show it is false. Who acts: birds, One true example, example. A sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and t
---

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# Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★, sentence 16

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One true example against an "all" claim, like a penguin against "all birds can fly", is enough to show it is false.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** birds, One true example, example · **What happens:** fly, be, show · **To what, where:** penguin · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (birds, One true example, example), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then.lesson:16
# text = One true example against an "all" claim, like a penguin against "all birds can fly", is enough to show it is false.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
2	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=9:punct
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	claim	claim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	penguin	penguin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=9:appos
14	against	against	ADP	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	_
16	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	det	_	_
17	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
18	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	acl:relcl	_	_
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
23	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	advcl	_	_
26	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
27	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	cop	_	_
28	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	ccomp	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=narrator

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** *in a quote* | can | all birds | a penguin *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location penguin=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | One true example against a claim like a penguin |  |  |  |  | enough *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **show** | to-infinitive | One true example against a claim like a penguin *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | present | example |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then.lesson:16`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then/15/)
- next →: [Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then/17/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then/)