---
title: Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders are amphibians; snakes, lizards,… — Groups of animals and how to tell them apart · tree and pragmatics
description: Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders are amphibians; snakes, lizards, crocodiles and turtles are reptiles. Who acts: salamanders, Frogs. A sentence of the lesson «Groups of animals and how to tell them apart» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of 
---

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# Groups of animals and how to tell them apart, sentence 17

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Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders are amphibians; snakes, lizards, crocodiles and turtles are reptiles.

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**Who acts:** salamanders, Frogs · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** amphibians, reptiles

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Groups of animals and how to tell them apart» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (salamanders, Frogs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:024-animal-groups.lesson:17
# text = Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders are amphibians; snakes, lizards, crocodiles and turtles are reptiles.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 024-animal-groups.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	toads	toad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	newts	newt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	salamanders	salamander	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	amphibians	amphibian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
11	snakes	snake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	lizards	lizard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=1:conj
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	crocodiles	crocodile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	turtles	turtle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
18	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
19	reptiles	reptile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | salamanders | amphibians |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Frogs and toads and newts and snakes and lizards and crocodiles and turtles | reptiles and amphibians |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:024-animal-groups.lesson:17`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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