---
title: A penguin cannot fly and swims like a fish, but it has feathers and… — Classifying unusual animals · tree and pragmatics
description: A penguin cannot fly and swims like a fish, but it has feathers and lays eggs with hard shells, so it is a bird. Who acts: penguin. A sentence of the lesson «Classifying unusual animals» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Classifying unusual animals, sentence 2

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A penguin cannot fly and swims like a fish, but it has feathers and lays eggs with hard shells, so it is a bird.

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**Who acts:** penguin · **What happens:** not fly, swim, have, lay, be · **To what, where:** feathers, eggs, bird

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Classifying unusual animals» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (penguin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:029-classifying-unusual-animals.lesson:2
# text = A penguin cannot fly and swims like a fish, but it has feathers and lays eggs with hard shells, so it is a bird.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 029-classifying-unusual-animals.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	penguin	penguin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	swims	swim	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
15	feathers	feather	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	lays	lay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
18	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
23	so	so	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=14:conj
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **fly** | can | a penguin |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **swim** | present | a penguin *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like a fish | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **have** | present | penguin | feathers |  |  |  | with hard shells | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feather=Patient |
| 4 | **lay** | present | penguin *not said here* | eggs |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Result |
| 5 | **is a** | present | penguin | a bird |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:029-classifying-unusual-animals.lesson:2`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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