--- title: Languages are related like families: English, German and Dutch are c… — Countries, peoples and languages of the world · tree and pragmatics description: Languages are related like families: English, German and Dutch are cousins in the Germanic family, so many words look alike, such as water and Wasser; Ukrainian, Polish and Czech are cousins in the Slavic family; Spanish, French and Italian all grew from Latin. Who acts: Languages, many words, Ukrai --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Countries, peoples and languages of th…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/) / 4 # Countries, peoples and languages of the world, sentence 4 Languages are related like families: English, German and Dutch are cousins in the Germanic family, so many words look alike, such as water and Wasser; Ukrainian, Polish and Czech are cousins in the Slavic family; Spanish, French and Italian all grew from Latin. **Who acts:** Languages, many words, Ukrainian, Spanish · **What happens:** be, look, grow · **To what, where:** cousins, Germanic family, Slavic family This is a sentence of the lesson «Countries, peoples and languages of the world» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Languages, many words, Ukrainian, Spanish), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:046-countries-peoples-languages.lesson:4 # text = Languages are related like families: English, German and Dutch are cousins in the Germanic family, so many words look alike, such as water and Wasser; Ukrainian, Polish and Czech are cousins in the Slavic family; Spanish, French and Italian all grew from Latin. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 046-countries-peoples-languages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _ 3 related related ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _ 4 like like ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 families family NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 6 : : PUNCT : _ 7 punct _ _ 7 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 appos _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct 9 German German ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:amod 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 11 Dutch dutch ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 conj _ _ 12 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _ 13 cousins cousin NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 conj _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 Germanic Germanic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 17 family family NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 19 so so ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 20 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 22 look look VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 23 alike alike ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 xcomp _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 25 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP 27 case _ _ 26 as as ADP IN _ 25 fixed _ _ 27 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 28 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 29 Wasser Wasser PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=27:appos 30 ; ; PUNCT : _ 31 punct _ _ 31 Ukrainian ukrainian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 37 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=37:nsubj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 32 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 33 Polish polish ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 conj _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 35 Czech czech ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=33:conj 36 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 cop _ _ 37 cousins cousin NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 conj _ _ 38 in in ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 39 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 40 Slavic slavic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 41 amod _ _ 41 family family NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 nmod _ _ 42 ; ; PUNCT : _ 49 punct _ _ 43 Spanish Spanish ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 49 nsubj _ _ 44 , , PUNCT , _ 45 punct _ _ 45 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 conj _ _ 46 and and CCONJ CC _ 47 cc _ _ 47 Italian Italian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 conj _ _ 48 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 49 nsubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=49:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_ 49 grew grow VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 37 conj _ _ 50 from from ADP IN _ 51 case _ _ 51 Latin Latin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 49 obl _ _ 52 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | Languages | | | | | like families; such water and Wasser and cousins; related *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **is a** | present | Languages *not said here* | cousins | | the Germanic family | | | tree rules | | 3 | **look** | present | many words | | | | | alike *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | | 4 | **is a** | present | Ukrainian | cousins | | the Slavic family | | | tree rules | | 5 | **grow** | past | Spanish | | | | | from Latin | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from latin=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:046-countries-peoples-languages.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Countries, peoples and languages of th…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/2/) - next →: [Countries, peoples and languages of th…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/5/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/46-countries-peoples-languages/)