--- title: High in the mountains it is colder, even though you are a little clo… — Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains an… · tree and pragmatics description: High in the mountains it is colder, even though you are a little closer to the Sun: sunlight warms the ground, the ground warms the air, and air that rises expands in the thinner air above and cools, by about 6 degrees for every kilometre up; so snow lies on Kilimanjaro in Africa, near the equator. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mo…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/) / 2 # Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts, sentence 2 High in the mountains it is colder, even though you are a little closer to the Sun: sunlight warms the ground, the ground warms the air, and air that rises expands in the thinner air above and cools, by about 6 degrees for every kilometre up; so snow lies on Kilimanjaro in Africa, near the equator. **Who acts:** Sun, you, sunlight, ground, air, snow · **What happens:** be, warm, rise, expand, cool, lie · **To what, where:** ground, air, 6 degrees, thinner air, Kilimanjaro This is a sentence of the lesson «Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Sun, you, sunlight, ground), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson:2 # text = High in the mountains it is colder, even though you are a little closer to the Sun: sunlight warms the ground, the ground warms the air, and air that rises expands in the thinner air above and cools, by about 6 degrees for every kilometre up; so snow lies on Kilimanjaro in Africa, near the equator. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×5 1 High high ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 advmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:amod 2 in in ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 mountains mountain NOUN NNS Number=Plur 1 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:obl 5 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ _ 6 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _ 7 colder cold ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 0 root _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 9 even even ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ _ 10 though though SCONJ IN _ 15 mark _ _ 11 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 12 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 cop _ _ 13 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 obl:unmarked _ _ 15 closer close ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 7 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:conj 16 to to ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 Sun Sun PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 obl _ _ 19 : : PUNCT : _ 21 punct _ _ 20 sunlight sunlight NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 21 warms warm VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obj _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=7:punct 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ _ 27 warms warm VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 advcl _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obj _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=32:punct 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 32 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ _ 33 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 34 nsubj _ _ 34 rises rise VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 acl:relcl _ _ 35 expands expand VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis _ _ 36 in in ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 38 thinner thin ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 39 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=39:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 39 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 40 above above ADV RB _ 39 advmod _ _ 41 and and CCONJ CC _ 42 cc _ _ 42 cools cool VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 conj _ _ 43 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 44 by by ADP IN _ 47 case _ _ 45 about about ADV RB _ 46 advmod _ _ 46 6 6 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 47 nummod _ _ 47 degrees degree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obj _ _ 48 for for ADP IN _ 50 case _ _ 49 every every DET DT PronType=Tot 50 det _ _ 50 kilometre kilometre NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 nmod _ _ 51 up up ADV RB _ 50 advmod _ _ 52 ; ; PUNCT , _ 54 punct _ _ 53 so so ADV RB _ 55 advmod _ _ 54 snow snow NOUN NN Number=Sing 55 nsubj _ _ 55 lies lie VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 conj _ _ 56 on on ADP IN _ 57 case _ _ 57 Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro PROPN NNP Number=Sing 55 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=55:nmod 58 in in ADP IN _ 59 case _ _ 59 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 55 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=55:nmod 60 , , PUNCT , _ 63 punct _ _ 61 near near ADP IN _ 63 case _ _ 62 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 63 det _ _ 63 equator equator NOUN NN Number=Sing 55 obl _ _ 64 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | Sun | | | | | cold *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **is** | present | you | | | | | to the Sun; a little *obl:unmarked*; close *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **warm** | present | sunlight | the ground | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent ground=Patient | | 4 | **warm** | present | the ground | the air | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent air=Patient | | 5 | **rise** | present | air | | | | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **expand** | present | air | 6 degrees | | the thinner air | | for every kilometre | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent degree=Patient | | 7 | **cool** | present | air *not said here* | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 8 | **lie** | present | snow | | | Kilimanjaro | | in Africa; near the equator | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on kilimanjaro=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×5. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mo…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/0/) - next →: [Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mo…, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/)