---
title: The air is warmed mostly by the ground, which is warmed by sunlight. — Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains an… · tree and pragmatics
description: The air is warmed mostly by the ground, which is warmed by sunlight. Who acts: ground, sunlight. A sentence of the lesson «Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts, sentence 9

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The air is warmed mostly by the ground, which is warmed by sunlight.

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**Who acts:** ground, sunlight · **What happens:** warm · **To what, where:** air, ground

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ground, sunlight), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson:9
# text = The air is warmed mostly by the ground, which is warmed by sunlight.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	warmed	warm	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	warmed	warm	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warm** | present · passive | the ground | the air |  |  |  | mostly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **warm** | present · passive | sunlight | the ground |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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