---
title: Long ago people traded by barter — swapping a sack of grain for a pa… — People and society — communities, work, money an… · tree and pragmatics
description: Long ago people traded by barter — swapping a sack of grain for a pair of shoes. Who acts: people. A sentence of the lesson «People and society — communities, work, money and rules» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# People and society — communities, work, money and rules, sentence 3

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago people traded by barter — swapping a sack of grain for a pair of shoes.

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**Who acts:** people · **What happens:** trade, swap · **To what, where:** sack

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This is a sentence of the lesson «People and society — communities, work, money and rules» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:058-people-and-society.lesson:3
# text = Long ago people traded by barter — swapping a sack of grain for a pair of shoes.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 058-people-and-society.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	traded	trade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	barter	barter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	swapping	swap	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sack	sack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	pair	pair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=narrate

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trade** | past | people |  |  |  |  | by barter; ago *property* | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **swap** | gerund | people *not said here* | a sack of grain |  |  |  | for a pair of shoes | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent sack=Theme for pair=Co-Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:058-people-and-society.lesson:3`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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