---
title: In layers of sedimentary rock that have not been turned over, the lo… — Rocks, minerals and fossils · tree and pragmatics
description: In layers of sedimentary rock that have not been turned over, the lower layers are usually older than the upper ones. Who acts: lower layers. A sentence of the lesson «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every claus
---

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# Rocks, minerals and fossils, sentence 13

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In layers of sedimentary rock that have not been turned over, the lower layers are usually older than the upper ones.

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**Who acts:** lower layers · **What happens:** not turn over, be · **To what, where:** sedimentary rock, layers

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lower layers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:061-rocks-minerals-fossils.lesson:13
# text = In layers of sedimentary rock that have not been turned over, the lower layers are usually older than the upper ones.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 061-rocks-minerals-fossils.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	sedimentary	sedimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
11	over	over	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	amod	_	_
15	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
19	than	than	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **turn over** | present · perfect · passive |  | sedimentary rock |  |  |  |  | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | the lower layers |  |  | layers of sedimentary rock |  | than the upper ones; old, usually *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:061-rocks-minerals-fossils.lesson:13`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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