--- title: Soil forms very slowly: weathering breaks rock into sand, silt and c… — Soil and what lives in it · tree and pragmatics description: Soil forms very slowly: weathering breaks rock into sand, silt and clay, and dead leaves, roots and animals rot into humus; making just a few centimetres of good soil can take hundreds of years. Who acts: Soil, weathering, dead leaves, making. A sentence of the lesson «Soil and what lives in it» of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/63-soil-and-what-lives-in-it/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Soil and what lives in it](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/63-soil-and-what-lives-in-it/) / 2 # Soil and what lives in it, sentence 2 Soil forms very slowly: weathering breaks rock into sand, silt and clay, and dead leaves, roots and animals rot into humus; making just a few centimetres of good soil can take hundreds of years. **Who acts:** Soil, weathering, dead leaves, making · **What happens:** form, break, rot, make, take · **To what, where:** rock, sand, humus, few centimetres, hundreds This is a sentence of the lesson «Soil and what lives in it» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Soil, weathering, dead leaves, making), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:063-soil-and-what-lives-in-it.lesson:2 # text = Soil forms very slowly: weathering breaks rock into sand, silt and clay, and dead leaves, roots and animals rot into humus; making just a few centimetres of good soil can take hundreds of years. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 063-soil-and-what-lives-in-it.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×2, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Soil soil NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 forms form VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 very very ADV RB _ 4 advmod _ _ 4 slowly slowly ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 5 : : PUNCT : _ 2 punct _ _ 6 weathering weather NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 7 breaks break VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 8 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ _ 9 into into ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 sand sand NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 silt silt NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=10:appos 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 clay clay NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 conj _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=18:punct 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 17 dead dead ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 18 leaves leaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=18:punct 20 roots root NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 conj _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 22 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 conj _ _ 23 rot rot VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:conj 24 into into ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 humus humus NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT : _ 36 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=2:punct 27 making make VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 36 csubj _ _ 28 just just ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 30 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 centimetres centimetre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj _ _ 32 of of ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 33 good good ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 soil soil NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 nmod _ _ 35 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 36 aux _ _ 36 take take VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 conj _ _ 37 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 obj _ _ 38 of of ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 39 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 nmod _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=23:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **form** | present | Soil | | | | | slowly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **break** | present | weathering | rock | | | | into sand and silt and clay *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent rock=Patient into sand=Result | | 3 | **rot** | present | dead leaves and roots and animals | | | humus | | | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **make** | gerund | | a few centimetres of good soil | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset centimetre=Product | | 5 | **take** | can | making | hundreds of years | | | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:063-soil-and-what-lives-in-it.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×2, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Soil and what lives in it, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/63-soil-and-what-lives-in-it/1/) - next →: [Soil and what lives in it, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/63-soil-and-what-lives-in-it/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/63-soil-and-what-lives-in-it/)