--- title: A thunderstorm grows when warm, damp air rises very fast and cools,… — Storms: thunder, lightning, hurricanes and torna… · tree and pragmatics description: A thunderstorm grows when warm, damp air rises very fast and cools, building a tall, dark tower of cloud called a cumulonimbus, which can reach higher than aeroplanes fly. Who acts: thunderstorm, warm damp air, tall dark tower, aeroplanes. A sentence of the lesson «Storms: thunder, lightning, hurric --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/68-storms-and-wild-winds/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Storms: thunder, lightning, hurricanes…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/68-storms-and-wild-winds/) / 0 # Storms: thunder, lightning, hurricanes and tornadoes, sentence 0 A thunderstorm grows when warm, damp air rises very fast and cools, building a tall, dark tower of cloud called a cumulonimbus, which can reach higher than aeroplanes fly. **Who acts:** thunderstorm, warm damp air, tall dark tower, aeroplanes · **What happens:** grow, rise, cool, build, call, reach · **To what, where:** tall dark tower, cumulonimbus, higher · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Storms: thunder, lightning, hurricanes and tornadoes» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thunderstorm, warm damp air, tall dark tower, aeroplanes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:068-storms-and-wild-winds.lesson:0 # text = A thunderstorm grows when warm, damp air rises very fast and cools, building a tall, dark tower of cloud called a cumulonimbus, which can reach higher than aeroplanes fly. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 068-storms-and-wild-winds.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 thunderstorm thunderstorm NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 grows grow VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 when when SCONJ WRB _ 9 mark _ _ 5 warm warm ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 7 damp damp ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _ 9 rises rise VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 advcl _ _ 10 very very ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ _ 11 fast fast ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 12 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 13 cools cool VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 15 building build VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 13 advcl _ _ 16 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 17 tall tall ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 19 dark dark ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 tower tower NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obj _ _ 21 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 cloud cloud NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nmod _ _ 23 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 acl _ _ 24 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 cumulonimbus cumulonimbus NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 xcomp _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 27 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 29 nsubj _ _ 28 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 29 aux _ _ 29 reach reach VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 20 acl:relcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=20:conj 30 higher high ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 29 obj _ _ 31 than than SCONJ IN _ 33 mark _ _ 32 aeroplanes aeroplane NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 nsubj _ _ 33 fly fly VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 advcl _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **grow** | present | a thunderstorm | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **rise** | present | warm damp air | | | | | fast *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **cool** | present | warm damp air *not said here* | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **build** | gerund | warm damp air *not said here* | a tall dark tower of cloud | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset tower=Product | | 5 | **call** | participle | a tall dark tower of cloud *not said here* | a cumulonimbus | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **reach** | can | a tall dark tower of cloud | higher | | | | | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent high=Theme | | 7 | **fly** | present | aeroplanes | | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:068-storms-and-wild-winds.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Clouds, rain, snow and hail, 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/67-clouds-rain-snow-hail/20/) - next →: [Storms: thunder, lightning, hurricanes…, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/68-storms-and-wild-winds/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/68-storms-and-wild-winds/)