--- title: A shark has no swim bladder, so it keeps swimming to stay up, and it… — Fish, frogs and reptiles · tree and pragmatics description: A shark has no swim bladder, so it keeps swimming to stay up, and its light, bendy skeleton helps it. Who acts: shark, light bendy skeleton. A sentence of the lesson «Fish, frogs and reptiles» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/13/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Fish, frogs and reptiles](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/) / 13 # Fish, frogs and reptiles, sentence 13 A shark has no swim bladder, so it keeps swimming to stay up, and its light, bendy skeleton helps it. **Who acts:** shark, light bendy skeleton · **What happens:** have, keep, swim, stay up, help · **To what, where:** swim bladder, shark This is a sentence of the lesson «Fish, frogs and reptiles» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shark, light bendy skeleton), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:074-fish-frogs-reptiles.lesson:13 # text = A shark has no swim bladder, so it keeps swimming to stay up, and its light, bendy skeleton helps it. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 074-fish-frogs-reptiles.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 shark shark NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 6 det _ _ 5 swim swim NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 6 bladder bladder NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obj _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 8 so so ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ _ 9 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ _ 10 keeps keep VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 11 swimming swim VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 10 xcomp _ _ 12 to to PART TO _ 13 mark _ _ 13 stay stay VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:xcomp 14 up up ADP RP _ 13 compound:prt _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 17 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 21 nmod:poss _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:nmod:poss 18 light light ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=22:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 19 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 20 bendy bendy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 skeleton skeleton NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:conj 22 helps help VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 23 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 obj _ _ 24 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | a shark | no swim bladder | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bladder=Patient | | 2 | **keep** | present | shark | | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **swim** | gerund | shark *not said here* | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **stay up** | to-infinitive | shark *not said here* | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **help** | present | shark's light bendy skeleton | shark | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Beneficiary | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:074-fish-frogs-reptiles.lesson:13`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Fish, frogs and reptiles, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/12/) - next →: [Fish, frogs and reptiles, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/14/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/74-fish-frogs-reptiles/)