--- title: Deciduous trees, like oak, maple and birch, drop their leaves in aut… — Trees and forests through the year · tree and pragmatics description: Deciduous trees, like oak, maple and birch, drop their leaves in autumn and rest through winter; evergreen trees, like pine and spruce, keep their needles all year and lose old ones a few at a time. Who acts: Deciduous trees, evergreen trees. A sentence of the lesson «Trees and forests through the y --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Trees and forests through the year](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/) / 1 # Trees and forests through the year, sentence 1 Deciduous trees, like oak, maple and birch, drop their leaves in autumn and rest through winter; evergreen trees, like pine and spruce, keep their needles all year and lose old ones a few at a time. **Who acts:** Deciduous trees, evergreen trees · **What happens:** drop, rest, keep, lose · **To what, where:** leaves, needles, old ones This is a sentence of the lesson «Trees and forests through the year» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Deciduous trees, evergreen trees), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson:1 # text = Deciduous trees, like oak, maple and birch, drop their leaves in autumn and rest through winter; evergreen trees, like pine and spruce, keep their needles all year and lose old ones a few at a time. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×4, R8-pos-agree ×3 1 Deciduous deciduous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 trees tree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 4 like like ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 oak oak NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _ 7 maple maple NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 conj _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 birch birch NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=7:conj 10 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 11 drop drop VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=0:root|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 12 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ _ 13 leaves leaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obj _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 autumn autumn NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obl _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 17 rest rest VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=11:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 18 through through ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 winter winter NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obl _ _ 20 ; ; PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 21 evergreen evergreen ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=22:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 22 trees tree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 nsubj _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 24 like like ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 pine pine NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nmod _ _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 27 spruce spruce NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 conj _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 29 keep keep VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 30 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 31 nmod:poss _ _ 31 needles needle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obj _ _ 32 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 33 det _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=33:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_ 33 year year NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obl:unmarked _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 35 lose lose VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 29 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=29:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 36 old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 37 amod _ _ 37 ones one NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 obj _ _ 38 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=35:obj 40 at at ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 43 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **drop** | present | Deciduous trees like oak and maple and birch | oak's leaves | | | autumn | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Theme | | 2 | **rest** | present | Deciduous trees like oak and maple and birch *not said here* | | | | winter | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **keep** | present | evergreen trees like pine and spruce | pine's needles | | | year | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent needle=Theme | | 4 | **lose** | present | evergreen trees like pine and spruce *not said here* | old ones | | | | a few *obl* | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson:1`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×4, R8-pos-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Trees and forests through the year, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/0/) - next →: [Trees and forests through the year, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/2/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/)