--- title: A forest has layers: tall trees make the canopy, smaller trees and b… — Trees and forests through the year · tree and pragmatics description: A forest has layers: tall trees make the canopy, smaller trees and bushes grow beneath, and the forest floor is covered with fallen leaves that rot and feed the soil. Who acts: forest, tall trees, smaller trees, fallen leaves. A sentence of the lesson «Trees and forests through the year» of the worl --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Trees and forests through the year](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/) / 3 # Trees and forests through the year, sentence 3 A forest has layers: tall trees make the canopy, smaller trees and bushes grow beneath, and the forest floor is covered with fallen leaves that rot and feed the soil. **Who acts:** forest, tall trees, smaller trees, fallen leaves · **What happens:** have, make, grow, cover, fall, rot · **To what, where:** layers, canopy, forest floor, soil This is a sentence of the lesson «Trees and forests through the year» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (forest, tall trees, smaller trees, fallen leaves), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson:3 # text = A forest has layers: tall trees make the canopy, smaller trees and bushes grow beneath, and the forest floor is covered with fallen leaves that rot and feed the soil. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 forest forest NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 layers layer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 5 : : PUNCT : _ 8 punct _ _ 6 tall tall ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 trees tree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ _ 8 make make VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 canopy canopy NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obj _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct 12 smaller small ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 13 amod _ _ 13 trees tree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 15 bushes bush NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 conj _ _ 16 grow grow VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 conj _ _ 17 beneath beneath ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 21 forest forest NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 compound _ _ 22 floor floor NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 nsubj:pass _ _ 23 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 aux:pass _ _ 24 covered cover VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 conj _ _ 25 with with ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 fallen fall VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 27 amod _ _ 27 leaves leaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=24:obj 28 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 29 nsubj _ _ 29 rot rot VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 27 acl:relcl _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 31 feed feed VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 29 conj _ _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 33 soil soil NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 obj _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | a forest | layers | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent layer=Patient | | 2 | **make** | present | tall trees | the canopy | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset canopy=Product | | 3 | **grow** | present | smaller trees and bushes | | | | | beneath *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **cover** | present · passive | | the forest floor | | | | with fallen leaves | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with leaf=Theme | | 5 | **fall** | participle | | | | | | | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **rot** | present | fallen leaves | | | | | | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 7 | **feed** | present | fallen leaves *not said here* | the soil | | | | | vn feeding-39.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent soil=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Trees and forests through the year, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/2/) - next →: [Trees and forests through the year, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/)