---
title: Bats find insects in the dark by making high sounds and listening to… — Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell · tree and pragmatics
description: Bats find insects in the dark by making high sounds and listening to the echoes. Who acts: Bats. A sentence of the lesson «Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell, sentence 9

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Bats find insects in the dark by making high sounds and listening to the echoes.

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**Who acts:** Bats · **What happens:** find, make, listen · **To what, where:** insects, dark, high sounds

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bats), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:079-senses-of-animals.lesson:9
# text = Bats find insects in the dark by making high sounds and listening to the echoes.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 079-senses-of-animals.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	find	find	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
9	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	sounds	sound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	listening	listen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | present | Bats | insects |  | the dark |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent insect=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | gerund | Bats *not said here* | high sounds |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product |
| 3 | **listen** | gerund | Bats *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the echoes | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to echo=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:079-senses-of-animals.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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