---
title: Most materials expand when they are heated and contract when they ar… — Heat and temperature: how things warm and cool · tree and pragmatics
description: Most materials expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled; metal expands more than glass. Who acts: Most materials, metal. A sentence of the lesson «Heat and temperature: how things warm and cool» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Heat and temperature: how things warm and cool, sentence 18

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Most materials expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled; metal expands more than glass.

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**Who acts:** Most materials, metal · **What happens:** expand, heat, contract, cool · **To what, where:** materials

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Heat and temperature: how things warm and cool» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most materials, metal), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:082-heat-and-temperature.lesson:18
# text = Most materials expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled; metal expands more than glass.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 082-heat-and-temperature.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	2	amod	_	_
2	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	expand	expand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	heated	heat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	contract	contract	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:conj
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	cooled	cool	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:advcl
14	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	expands	expand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
17	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	16	advmod	_	_
18	than	than	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **expand** | present | Most materials |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **heat** | present · passive |  | materials *= material* |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **contract** | present | Most materials *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **cool** | present · passive |  | materials *= material* |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 5 | **expand** | present | metal |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:082-heat-and-temperature.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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