--- title: Two things happening together does not prove that one causes the oth… — Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evid… · tree and pragmatics description: Two things happening together does not prove that one causes the other: more ice creams and more sunburns both happen in summer, but ice cream does not cause sunburn — the sunshine causes both. Who acts: Two things, one, ice cream, sunshine. A sentence of the lesson «Being a scientist — fair tests, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/91-being-a-scientist/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Being a scientist — fair tests, guesse…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/91-being-a-scientist/) / 3 # Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence, sentence 3 Two things happening together does not prove that one causes the other: more ice creams and more sunburns both happen in summer, but ice cream does not cause sunburn — the sunshine causes both. **Who acts:** Two things, one, ice cream, sunshine · **What happens:** happen, not prove, cause, not cause · **To what, where:** other, sunburn, both This is a sentence of the lesson «Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Two things, one, ice cream, sunshine), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:091-being-a-scientist.lesson:3 # text = Two things happening together does not prove that one causes the other: more ice creams and more sunburns both happen in summer, but ice cream does not cause sunburn — the sunshine causes both. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 091-being-a-scientist.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3 1 Two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 2 nummod _ _ 2 things thing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nsubj _ _ 3 happening happen VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 2 acl _ _ 4 together together ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:advmod 5 does do AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _ 6 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 7 advmod _ _ 7 prove prove VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 8 that that SCONJ IN _ 10 mark _ _ 9 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 10 nsubj _ _ 10 causes cause VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 ccomp _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 other other ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 obj _ _ 13 : : PUNCT : _ 16 punct _ _ 14 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 16 amod _ _ 15 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 compound _ _ 16 creams cream NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 appos _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 18 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 19 amod _ _ 19 sunburns sunburn NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 conj _ _ 20 both both CCONJ CC _ 21 cc:preconj _ _ 21 happen happen VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 16 conj _ _ 22 in in ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 summer summer NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 25 but but CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 26 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 compound _ _ 27 cream cream NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 28 does do AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 aux _ _ 29 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 30 advmod _ _ 30 cause cause VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 21 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=16:parataxis 31 sunburn sunburn NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 32 — - PUNCT : _ 35 punct _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=35:det 34 sunshine sunshine NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ _ 35 causes cause VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 36 both both DET DT PronType=Tot 35 obj _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **happen** | gerund | Two things *not said here* | | | | | together *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **not** **prove** | present · do-support | Two things | | | | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 3 | **cause** | present | one | the other | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition other=Patient | | 4 | **happen** | infinitive | Two things *not said here* | | | | summer | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **not** **cause** | present · do-support | ice cream | sunburn | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition sunburn=Patient | | 6 | **cause** | present | the sunshine | both | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition both=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:091-being-a-scientist.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Being a scientist — fair tests, guesse…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/91-being-a-scientist/2/) - next →: [Being a scientist — fair tests, guesse…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/91-being-a-scientist/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/91-being-a-scientist/)