---
title: In asthma the airways become narrow, which makes breathing hard; an… — Lungs, air and keeping fit · tree and pragmatics
description: In asthma the airways become narrow, which makes breathing hard; an inhaler helps to open them. Who acts: airways, inhaler. A sentence of the lesson «Lungs, air and keeping fit» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Lungs, air and keeping fit, sentence 16

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In asthma the airways become narrow, which makes breathing hard; an inhaler helps to open them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** airways, inhaler · **What happens:** become, make, breathe, help, open · **To what, where:** asthma, airways

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Lungs, air and keeping fit» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (airways, inhaler), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:093-lungs-air-keeping-fit.lesson:16
# text = In asthma the airways become narrow, which makes breathing hard; an inhaler helps to open them.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 093-lungs-air-keeping-fit.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	airways	airway	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	become	become	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	breathing	breathe	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	obj	_	_
11	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	inhaler	inhaler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	open	open	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	obj	_	_
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present | the airways |  |  |  |  | in asthma *result*; narrow *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in asthma=Result |
| 2 | **make** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **breathe** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **help** | present | a inhaler |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 5 | **open** | to-infinitive | a inhaler *not said here* | airways *= airway* |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:093-lungs-air-keeping-fit.lesson:16`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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