---
title: Polynesian sailors crossed thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Oc… — Explorers and how the world was mapped · tree and pragmatics
description: Polynesian sailors crossed thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Ocean in canoes, finding islands by reading the stars, the waves and the flight of birds. Who acts: Polynesian sailors. A sentence of the lesson «Explorers and how the world was mapped» of the world course of Mova's primary school wit
---

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# Explorers and how the world was mapped, sentence 3

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polynesian sailors crossed thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Ocean in canoes, finding islands by reading the stars, the waves and the flight of birds.

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**Who acts:** Polynesian sailors · **What happens:** cross, find, read · **To what, where:** thousands, islands, stars

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Explorers and how the world was mapped» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Polynesian sailors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson:3
# text = Polynesian sailors crossed thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Ocean in canoes, finding islands by reading the stars, the waves and the flight of birds.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Polynesian	polynesian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
2	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Pacific	Pacific	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	Ocean	Ocean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	canoes	canoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	finding	find	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	advcl	_	_
15	islands	island	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
17	reading	read	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	flight	flight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=22:conj
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	_
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | past | Polynesian sailors | thousands of kilometres of the Pacific Ocean |  |  |  | in canoes | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent thousand=Patient in canoe=Topic |
| 2 | **find** | gerund | Polynesian sailors *not said here* | islands |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent island=Topic |
| 3 | **read** | gerund | Polynesian sailors *not said here* | the stars and the waves and the flight of birds |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent star=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson:3`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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