---
title: Vikings reached North America about a thousand years ago, and Chines… — Explorers and how the world was mapped · tree and pragmatics
description: Vikings reached North America about a thousand years ago, and Chinese fleets under Zheng He sailed to Africa in the early 1400s. Who acts: Vikings, Chinese fleets. A sentence of the lesson «Explorers and how the world was mapped» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree 
---

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# Explorers and how the world was mapped, sentence 4

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Vikings reached North America about a thousand years ago, and Chinese fleets under Zheng He sailed to Africa in the early 1400s.

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**Who acts:** Vikings, Chinese fleets · **What happens:** reach, sail · **To what, where:** North America, Africa, early 1400s

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Explorers and how the world was mapped» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Vikings, Chinese fleets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:world:098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson:4
# text = Vikings reached North America about a thousand years ago, and Chinese fleets under Zheng He sailed to Africa in the early 1400s.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = world
# lesson = 098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Vikings	viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur
2	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	about	about	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl:unmarked	_	_
9	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	fleets	fleet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:parataxis
14	under	under	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Zheng	Zheng	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	He	he	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	_
17	sailed	sail	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:acl
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	1400s	1400	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	17	obl	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | Vikings | North America |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme |
| 2 | **sail** | past | Chinese fleets under Zheng |  | Africa | the early 1400s |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent to africa=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:098-explorers-mapping-the-world.lesson:4`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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