--- title: Horses were tamed about 5,500 years ago, and the wheel was invented… — Transport: from horses to planes · tree and pragmatics description: Horses were tamed about 5,500 years ago, and the wheel was invented at about the same time, so animals could pull carts. Who acts: animals. A sentence of the lesson «Transport: from horses to planes» of the world course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cl --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [World](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) / [Transport: from horses to planes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/) / 2 # Transport: from horses to planes, sentence 2 Horses were tamed about 5,500 years ago, and the wheel was invented at about the same time, so animals could pull carts. **Who acts:** animals · **What happens:** tame, invent, pull · **To what, where:** Horses, wheel, carts This is a sentence of the lesson «Transport: from horses to planes» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (animals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:world:099-transport-horses-to-planes.lesson:2 # text = Horses were tamed about 5,500 years ago, and the wheel was invented at about the same time, so animals could pull carts. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = world # lesson = 099-transport-horses-to-planes.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change 1 Horses horse NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj:pass _ _ 2 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux:pass _ _ 3 tamed tame VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 about about ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 5 5,500 5,500 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 nummod _ _ 6 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obl:unmarked _ _ 7 ago ago ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 wheel wheel NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj:pass _ _ 12 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux:pass _ _ 13 invented invent VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 conj _ _ 14 at at ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 15 about about ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 17 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 18 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 20 so so SCONJ IN _ 23 mark _ _ 21 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj _ _ 22 could could AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 23 pull pull VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 13 advcl _ _ 24 carts cart NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 obj _ _ 25 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **tame** | past · passive | | Horses | | | | ago *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient | | 2 | **invent** | past · passive | | the wheel | | | time | | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result | | 3 | **pull** | could | animals | carts | | | | | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cart=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:world:099-transport-horses-to-planes.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Transport: from horses to planes, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/1/) - next →: [Transport: from horses to planes, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/)