--- title: World — a course of Mova's primary school, with trees and pragmatics · page 2 description: The world around us, science for the youngest: day and night, the seasons and the tilt of the Earth, the Moon and its phases, the solar system, the Sun and the stars, gravity, the shape of the Earth, eclipses, time and the calendar, solids, liquids and gases, weather, water and life on Earth. 164 le --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / World # World · page 2 [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/) **2** - [101](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/101-reading-the-clock-hours-minutes-hands/) — Reading the clock: hours, minutes and the two hands — 18 sentences · A clock with hands is like a race track with two runners: the long hand races all the way round once every h… - [102](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/102-quarter-past-quarter-to-saying-the-time/) — Quarter past, quarter to, and how people really say the time — 22 sentences · An hour is like a pizza cut into 4 equal slices: each slice is a quarter of an hour, 15 minutes, because 60… - [103](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/103-morning-afternoon-24-hour-clock/) — Morning, afternoon and the 24-hour clock — 23 sentences · A day has 24 hours, but an ordinary clock face shows only 12, so its short hand goes round twice a day: once… - [104](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/104-timetables-buses-trains-school-day/) — Timetables: buses, trains, TV and the school day — 20 sentences · A timetable is a promise written as a list of times: when the bus comes, when the train leaves and arrives,… - [105](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/105-alarms-stopwatches-how-long-a-second-is/) — Alarms, stopwatches and how long a second is — 19 sentences · A second is about as long as it takes to say "one Mississippi" or "one elephant" at a calm speed. 60 seconds… - [106](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/106-late-and-early-being-on-time/) — Late and early: being where you need to be on time — 28 sentences · Being on time is a sum done backwards. - [107](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/107-how-long-until-counting-on-across-the-hour/) — How long until? Counting on across the hour — 25 sentences · "Muuum, how long till we get there?" It is 2:35 and they arrive at 3:10. - [108](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/108-how-long-since-counting-back/) — How long since? Counting back — 21 sentences · "How long since?" asks how much time has passed from something that already happened until now. - [109](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/109-five-more-minutes-and-waiting-games/) — "Five more minutes" and other waiting games — 27 sentences · "Five more minutes!" Kai asks at 8:00 and finally stops at 8:25, when Dad pulls the plug: 25 minutes, five l… - [110](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/110-why-time-flies-and-why-it-drags/) — Why time flies and why it drags — 26 sentences · Clocks tick at the same speed whatever you are doing, but your feeling of time does not. - [111](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/111-days-weeks-and-months/) — Days, weeks and months — 22 sentences · A week has 7 days: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. - [112](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/112-leap-years-and-29-february-birthdays/) — Leap years and 29 February birthdays — 24 sentences · The Earth takes about 365 days and 6 hours to go once round the Sun, but a calendar can only count whole days. - [113](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/113-seasons-terms-and-holidays/) — Seasons, terms and holidays — 22 sentences · The Earth is tilted, like a spinning top leaning to one side. - [114](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/114-birthdays-ages-and-how-many-sleeps/) — Birthdays, ages and "how many sleeps" — 20 sentences · On 18 December, Christmas on the 25th is 25 − 18 = 7 sleeps away. - [115](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/115-what-day-of-the-week-will-it-be/) — What day of the week will it be? — 22 sentences · The days of the week go round like the seats on a merry-go-round with 7 seats: every 7 days the same day com… - [116](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/116-how-our-calendar-was-made/) — How our calendar was made: Romans, Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory — 22 sentences · A calendar is a set of rules for counting days into months and years so that the dates stay in step with the… - [117](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/117-other-calendars/) — Other calendars: Chinese New Year, Islamic and Jewish calendars, and Christmas in Ukraine — 20 sentences · A calendar can follow the Sun, the Moon, or both. - [118](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/118-day-night-shadows-sundials/) — Day and night, shadows and sundials — 20 sentences · The Sun does not go anywhere at night. - [119](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/119-moon-month-and-year/) — The Moon's month and the year round the Sun — 25 sentences · Two movements give us our biggest everyday units of time. - [120](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/120-time-zones/) — Time zones: why it's night in Sydney when it's day in London — 20 sentences · As the Earth spins, morning sweeps round the planet, so it cannot be the same clock time everywhere and stil… - [121](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/121-date-line-and-summer-time/) — The date line and summer time: clocks going forward and back — 18 sentences · Somewhere the date has to change, or a traveller going east round the world would keep adding hours forever. - [122](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/122-clocks-before-clocks/) — Clocks before clocks: sundials, water clocks, candles and hourglasses — 24 sentences · Anything that changes at a steady speed can be a clock: a shadow sliding round, water dripping out, a candle… - [123](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/123-pendulums-greenwich-atomic-clocks/) — Pendulums, Greenwich and railway time, atomic clocks and phones — 23 sentences · A good clock needs something that repeats at a steady beat and something that counts the beats. - [124](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/124-decades-centuries-millennia/) — Decades, centuries and millennia — 19 sentences · Big stretches of time have names: a decade is 10 years, a century 100 years and a millennium 1,000 years (tw… - [125](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/125-bc-ad-dinosaurs-pyramids-timelines/) — BC and AD, dinosaurs and pyramids, and timelines — 26 sentences · Our year numbers count from a starting point that a monk worked out about 1,500 years ago. - [126](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/126-in-the-olden-days/) — "In the olden days": Grandad's 1990 — 20 sentences · "Back in the day" and "in my day" mean "when I was young", so the day changes with whoever says it. - [127](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/127-sleep-and-the-body-clock/) — Sleep and the body clock — 23 sentences · Your body has its own clock, called the body clock or circadian rhythm ("about a day"), which runs on about… - [128](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/128-growing-up-ages-dog-years/) — Growing up: ages of people and pets, and the "dog years" myth — 21 sentences · Living things age at very different speeds. - [129](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/129-being-on-time-around-the-world/) — Being on time around the world, waiting your turn and deadlines — 24 sentences · Being "on time" means different things in different places. - [130](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/130-screen-time-and-putting-it-together/) — Screen time, wasted time, and putting it all together — 22 sentences · Small daily times add up to huge yearly ones: 2 hours of games a day is 14 hours a week and 730 hours a year… - [161](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/161-lucky-socks-and-grandmas-superstitions/) — Lucky socks and Grandma's superstitions — 23 sentences · Grandad wears his "lucky" red socks for every big match. - [162](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/162-who-stole-the-remote-jumping-to-conclusions/) — Who stole the remote? Jumping to conclusions at home — 25 sentences · Dad can't find the TV remote. - [163](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons/) — "Because I said so" and other dead-end reasons — 23 sentences · Ethan asks why he has to go to bed at eight. - [164](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/164-it-worked-once-one-example-is-not-all/) — "It worked once": one example is not all — 24 sentences · Little Finn jumped in a puddle once and didn't get told off. - [165](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/165-the-brother-who-never-does-anything-wrong-double-standards/) — The brother who never does anything wrong: double standards at home — 21 sentences · Mum: "He must have done it on a different sheet." The evidence says one thing, and Mum invents an excuse so… - [166](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/166-everyone-has-one-the-crowd-is-not-a-reason/) — "Everyone has one!": the crowd is not a reason — 27 sentences · Zara wants the new light-up trainers. - [167](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/167-the-rumour-that-grows/) — The rumour that grows — 26 sentences · Monday: "Mr Hughes has a cold." Tuesday: "Mr Hughes is really ill." Wednesday: "Mr Hughes is in hospital." T… - [168](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/168-the-whole-class-punished-and-you-didnt-say-no/) — The whole class punished, and "you didn't say no" — 23 sentences · Someone draws on the board while the teacher is out. - [169](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/169-bets-dares-and-silly-reasons/) — Bets, dares and silly reasons — 19 sentences · Charlie bets Noah a chocolate bar that he can hold his breath for five minutes: "My cousin can do it." But h… - [170](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/170-the-football-argument-that-goes-in-circles/) — The football argument that goes in circles — 23 sentences · Two boys argue: "Messi's better because he's the best." "No, Ronaldo's better because he's the greatest." Fo… - [171](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy/) — "I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy — 26 sentences · Jayden and his mate flip a coin for the last slice of pizza. - [172](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/172-loot-boxes-streaks-and-the-sunk-cost/) — Loot boxes, streaks and the sunk cost — 24 sentences · In his game, Ollie opens loot boxes (paid surprise boxes with a random prize) for a legendary skin. - [173](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/173-the-game-is-rigged-because-i-lost/) — "The game is rigged because I lost" — 27 sentences · Max loses a game of FIFA online and throws the controller. - [174](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/174-the-youtuber-who-is-right-about-everything/) — The YouTuber who is right about everything — 27 sentences · Jack's favourite YouTuber is brilliant at Minecraft. - [175](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/175-its-on-tiktok-so-its-true-and-the-comment-section/) — "It's on TikTok so it's true" and the comment section — 24 sentences · Ollie sees a TikTok saying a phone charges if you put it in the microwave for ten seconds. - [176](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/176-adverts-and-8-out-of-10-cats/) — Adverts and "8 out of 10 cats" — 18 sentences · An advert is made by someone who wants your money, so it shows the best bits, hides the catch in tiny letter… - [177](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/177-crime-is-up-i-saw-it-on-the-news/) — "Crime is up, I saw it on the news" — 19 sentences · The news is a list of the most unusual and frightening things that happened somewhere in the whole country t… - [178](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/178-the-politicians-either-or-and-the-straw-man/) — The politician's either-or and the straw man — 16 sentences · Two tricks turn up in nearly every argument on TV, from every side: the either-or and the straw man. - [179](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/179-its-natural-so-its-healthy-and-the-miracle-cure/) — "It's natural so it's healthy" and the miracle cure — 22 sentences · "It's natural, so it's good for you" sounds kind and cosy, but nature also makes deadly nightshade, poisonou… - [180](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/180-correlation-is-not-cause-ice-cream-and-sunburn/) — Correlation is not cause: ice cream and sunburn — 20 sentences · On hot days more ice creams are sold and more people get sunburnt, yet ice cream doesn't burn anyone: the su… - [181](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/181-trick-questions-that-catch-quick-thinkers/) — Trick questions that catch quick thinkers — 20 sentences · Trick questions are built to catch quick thinkers: they get you starting the sum before you have read all th… - [182](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/182-sounds-wrong-but-is-right/) — Sounds wrong, but is right — 19 sentences · Some true answers sound so wrong that people laugh, until they check. - [183](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/183-sounds-right-but-is-wrong/) — Sounds right, but is wrong — 20 sentences · These answers jump out at you, sound perfect, and are wrong. - [184](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/184-if-then-and-its-traps/) — "If... then..." and its traps — 22 sentences · "If it rains, the grass gets wet" is a one-way street: rain leads to wet grass. - [185](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/185-some-all-none-and-not-all/) — Some, all, none and "not all" — 21 sentences · Small words do big jobs. - [186](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/186-how-do-you-know/) — "How do you know?" — 21 sentences · The best question in the world has four words: "How do you know?" It isn't rude; it asks for the road from t… - [187](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/) — One counterexample is enough — 21 sentences · Big words like "all", "every", "never" and "nobody" make big claims, and big claims are fragile: one clear e… - [188](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/188-check-the-claim-not-the-person/) — Check the claim, not the person — 24 sentences · A claim is true or false all by itself: two plus two is four whether a professor says it, a six-year-old say… - [189](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/189-fighting-fair-no-straw-men-no-moving-goalposts-no-either-or/) — Fighting fair: no straw men, no moving goalposts, no either-or — 21 sentences · Arguing is fine; arguing unfairly is the problem. - [190](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/190-saying-i-was-wrong-and-laughing-without-being-cruel/) — Saying "I was wrong" and laughing without being cruel — 26 sentences · Everybody gets things wrong. - [191](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong/) — A fair trial, and the Wonderland court that gets it all wrong — 16 sentences · At the end of «Alice's Adventures in Wonderland» the Knave of Hearts is put on trial for stealing the Queen'… - [192](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/192-olympiad-time-and-calendar-puzzles/) — Olympiad: time and calendar puzzles ★★★ — 20 sentences · Time puzzles look like sums, but most of them hide one trap: a gap counted as a moment, a year 0 that never… - [193](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/193-olympiad-logic-traps-and-if-then/) — Olympiad: logic traps and if-then ★★★ — 20 sentences · Logic puzzles are built from small, safe moves: if A always brings B and there is no B, then there was no A. - [194](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/194-olympiad-everyday-reasoning/) — Olympiad: everyday reasoning ★★★ — 20 sentences · Everyday puzzles hide in socks, fences, queues and stairs. 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