---
title: Until this moment I had looked upon the valley as my grave, for I ha… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: Until this moment I had looked upon the valley as my grave, for I had seen no possibility of getting out of it alive, but now I took courage and began to devise a means of escape. Who acts: I, possibility, a. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 14, with it
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 14, sentence 41

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Until this moment I had looked upon the valley as my grave, for I had seen no possibility of getting out of it alive, but now I took courage and began to devise a means of escape.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, possibility, a · **What happens:** look, see, get out, take, begin, devise · **To what, where:** possibility, valley, courage

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, possibility, a), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:14:41
# text = Until this moment I had looked upon the valley as my grave, for I had seen no possibility of getting out of it alive, but now I took courage and began to devise a means of escape.
1	Until	until	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	looked	look	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	grave	grave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
18	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	19	det	_	_
19	possibility	possibility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
21	getting	get	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
22	out	out	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obl	_	_
25	alive	alive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
27	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
28	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	30	advmod	_	_
29	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
31	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	conj	_	_
34	to	to	PART	TO	_	35	mark	_	_
35	devise	devise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	xcomp	_	_
36	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	nsubj	_	_
37	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	ccomp	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	escape	escape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past · perfect | I |  |  |  | moment | upon the valley as my grave | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent upon valley=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | past · perfect | I | no possibility |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer possibility=Stimulus |
| 3 | **get out** | gerund | no possibility *not said here* | valley |  |  |  | alive *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **take** | past | I | courage |  |  | now |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Theme |
| 5 | **begin** | past | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 6 | **devise** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **mean** | present | a |  |  |  |  | of escape | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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