---
title: When we believed him to be really gone we started up bemoaning our h… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: When we believed him to be really gone we started up bemoaning our horrible fate, until the hall echoed with our despairing cries. Who acts: we, hall, our. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 15, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 15, sentence 13

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When we believed him to be really gone we started up bemoaning our horrible fate, until the hall echoed with our despairing cries.

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**Who acts:** we, hall, our · **What happens:** believe, be, start up, bemoan, echo, despair · **To what, where:** giant, horrible fate · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, hall, our), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:15:13
# text = When we believed him to be really gone we started up bemoaning our horrible fate, until the hall echoed with our despairing cries.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	believed	believe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
4	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
7	really	really	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	bemoaning	bemoan	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	_
13	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	horrible	horrible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	fate	fate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	hall	hall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	echoed	echo	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
23	despairing	despair	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	24	amod	_	_
24	cries	cry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | past | we | giant |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | go *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **start up** | past | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **bemoan** | gerund | we *not said here* | our horrible fate |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **echo** | past | the hall |  |  |  |  | with our despairing cries | vn sound\_existence-47.4 «NP.location V NP.theme»: agent=Location with cry=Theme |
| 6 | **despair** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 7 | **fate** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom fate «event transitive»: poss=agent |
| 8 | **cry** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom cry «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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