---
title: Indeed I and my two companions had all we could do to keep our own r… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: Indeed I and my two companions had all we could do to keep our own raft beyond the reach of the giants, but by dint of hard rowing we at last gained the open sea. Who acts: I, all, we. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 15, with its dependency tree and th
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 15, sentence 34

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Indeed I and my two companions had all we could do to keep our own raft beyond the reach of the giants, but by dint of hard rowing we at last gained the open sea.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, all, we · **What happens:** have, do, keep, gain · **To what, where:** own raft, reach, open sea

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, all, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:15:34
# text = Indeed I and my two companions had all we could do to keep our own raft beyond the reach of the giants, but by dint of hard rowing we at last gained the open sea.
1	Indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	nsubj	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
14	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
15	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	raft	raft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
17	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	reach	reach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	giants	giant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
24	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
25	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	dint	dint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obl	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	rowing	rowing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
30	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj	_	_
31	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
32	last	last	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
33	gained	gain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
35	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | I |  |  |  |  | indeed *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | could | all |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **keep** | to-infinitive | all *not said here* | our own raft |  | the reach of the giants |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent raft=Theme beyond reach=Location |
| 4 | **gain** | past | we | the open sea |  |  |  | by dint of hard rowing; last *property* | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sea=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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