---
title: In the dim light it cast he was astonished to see a man standing in… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: In the dim light it cast he was astonished to see a man standing in his chimney, but being naturally courageous he seized a stick and made straight for the supposed thief. " Who acts: lantern, Scarcely, man. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 19, with its
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 19, sentence 59

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the dim light it cast he was astonished to see a man standing in his chimney, but being naturally courageous he seized a stick and made straight for the supposed thief. "

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lantern, Scarcely, man · **What happens:** cast, be, see, stand, seize, make · **To what, where:** dim light, man, chimney, stick

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 19. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lantern, Scarcely, man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:19:59
# text = In the dim light it cast he was astonished to see a man standing in his chimney, but being naturally courageous he seized a stick and made straight for the supposed thief. "
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	dim	dim	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	astonished	astonished	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	chimney	chimney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
20	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	cop	_	_
21	naturally	naturally	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	courageous	courageous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	seized	seize	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	parataxis	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	conj	_	_
29	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
30	for	for	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	supposed	suppose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	33	amod	_	_
33	thief	thief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
35	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cast** | past | lantern | the dim light *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material light=Product |
| 2 | **is** | past | Scarcely |  |  | the dim light |  | astonished *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **see** | to-infinitive | Scarcely *not said here* | a man |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer man=Stimulus |
| 4 | **stand** | gerund | a man *not said here* |  |  | Scarcely's chimney |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in chimney=Location |
| 5 | **is** | gerund | Scarcely *not said here* |  |  |  |  | courageous, naturally *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **seize** | past | Scarcely | a stick |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stick=Theme |
| 7 | **make** | past | Scarcely *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for the supposed thief; straight *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: agent=Agent for thief=Asset |
| 8 | **suppose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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