---
title: Unknown to himself he began to talk out loud, and a tailor, whose sh… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: Unknown to himself he began to talk out loud, and a tailor, whose shop was next door to his, heard quite plainly what he was saying. Who acts: Alnaschar, tailor. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 20, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every c
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 20, sentence 38

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Unknown to himself he began to talk out loud, and a tailor, whose shop was next door to his, heard quite plainly what he was saying.

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**Who acts:** Alnaschar, tailor · **What happens:** begin, talk out, be, hear, say · **To what, where:** next door · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 20. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Alnaschar, tailor), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:20:38
# text = Unknown to himself he began to talk out loud, and a tailor, whose shop was next door to his, heard quite plainly what he was saying.
1	Unknown	unknown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	1	obl	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	talk	talk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	out	out	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	loud	loud	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	tailor	tailor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
18	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
24	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	plainly	plainly	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
26	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	29	obj	_	_
27	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
28	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	23	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | Alnaschar |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **talk out** | to-infinitive | Alnaschar *not said here* |  |  |  |  | loud *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | past | a tailor and a tailor and a tailor's shop's shop | next door |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **hear** | past | a tailor and a tailor and a tailor's shop's shop *not said here* |  |  |  |  | plainly *property* | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | past · progressive | Alnaschar |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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