---
title: Now the leader of these horsemen was the Sultan of Cashmere, returni… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: Now the leader of these horsemen was the Sultan of Cashmere, returning from the chase, and he instantly turned to the Indian to inquire who he was, and whom he had with him. Who acts: leader, Sultan, Cashmere. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 39, with i
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 39, sentence 51

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Now the leader of these horsemen was the Sultan of Cashmere, returning from the chase, and he instantly turned to the Indian to inquire who he was, and whom he had with him.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** leader, Sultan, Cashmere · **What happens:** be, return, turn, inquire, have · **To what, where:** Sultan, chase

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 39. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leader, Sultan, Cashmere), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:39:51
# text = Now the leader of these horsemen was the Sultan of Cashmere, returning from the chase, and he instantly turned to the Indian to inquire who he was, and whom he had with him.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	horsemen	horseman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Cashmere	Cashmere	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	returning	return	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	chase	chase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	instantly	instantly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
22	to	to	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	xcomp	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	inquire	inquire	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	xcomp	_	_
27	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	26	obj	_	_
28	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	21	obl	_	_
33	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
34	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	acl:relcl	_	_
35	with	with	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the leader of this horsemen | the Sultan |  |  |  | of Cashmere | tree rules |
| 2 | **return** | gerund | the Sultan *not said here* |  |  | the chase |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from chase=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **turn** | past | Cashmere | the Sultan |  |  |  | indian, instantly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent sultan=Theme |
| 4 | **inquire** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | Cashmere *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent who=Recipient |
| 5 | **have** | past | Cashmere |  |  |  |  | with Sultan | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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