---
title: Once upon a time there reigned over Persia a Sultan named Kosrouscha… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: Once upon a time there reigned over Persia a Sultan named Kosrouschah, who from his boyhood had been fond of putting on a disguise and seeking adventures in all parts of the city, accompanied by one of his officers, disguised like himself. Who acts: Kosrouschah. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Ent
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 40, sentence 41

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Once upon a time there reigned over Persia a Sultan named Kosrouschah, who from his boyhood had been fond of putting on a disguise and seeking adventures in all parts of the city, accompanied by one of his officers, disguised like himself.

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**Who acts:** Kosrouschah · **What happens:** reign, name, be, put, seek, accompany · **To what, where:** Persia, Sultan, boyhood, disguise, adventures, parts

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This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 40. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Kosrouschah), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:40:41
# text = Once upon a time there reigned over Persia a Sultan named Kosrouschah, who from his boyhood had been fond of putting on a disguise and seeking adventures in all parts of the city, accompanied by one of his officers, disguised like himself.
1	Once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	6	advmod	_	_
2	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
5	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
6	reigned	reign	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Persia	Persia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	Sultan	Sultan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
12	Kosrouschah	Kosrouschah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
14	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	boyhood	boyhood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
18	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	cop	_	_
20	fond	fond	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
21	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
22	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	_
23	on	on	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	disguise	disguise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	seeking	seek	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	conj	_	_
28	adventures	adventure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	31	det	_	_
31	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
36	accompanied	accompany	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	advcl	_	_
37	by	by	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	36	obl	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	41	nmod:poss	_	_
41	officers	officer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
43	disguised	disguise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	41	acl	_	_
44	like	like	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
45	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	43	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reign** | past |  |  |  | Persia; there | time | once *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** | participle · passive |  | Sultan |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past · perfect | Kosrouschah |  |  | Sultan's boyhood |  | fond *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **put** | gerund | Kosrouschah *not said here* |  |  | a disguise |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on disguise=Destination |
| 5 | **seek** | gerund | Kosrouschah *not said here* | adventures |  | all parts of the city |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent adventure=Theme in part=Location |
| 6 | **accompany** | participle | Kosrouschah *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by one of Sultan's officers | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent by one=Destination |
| 7 | **disguise** | participle |  | Sultan's officers *not said here* |  |  |  | like Sultan | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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