---
title: I also learnt history, and was instructed in poetry, versification,… — The Arabian Nights Entertainments · tree and pragmatics
description: I also learnt history, and was instructed in poetry, versification, geography, chronology, and in all the outdoor exercises in which every prince should excel. Who acts: I, prince. A sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 8, with its dependency tree and the pra
---

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# The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Opening, part 8, sentence 32

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I also learnt history, and was instructed in poetry, versification, geography, chronology, and in all the outdoor exercises in which every prince should excel.

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**Who acts:** I, prince · **What happens:** learn, instruct, excel · **To what, where:** history, outdoor exercises, poetry

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This is a sentence of «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Opening, part 8. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, prince), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg128:8:32
# text = I also learnt history, and was instructed in poetry, versification, geography, chronology, and in all the outdoor exercises in which every prince should excel.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	also	also	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	learnt	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	instructed	instruct	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	poetry	poetry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	versification	versification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	geography	geography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	chronology	chronology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
20	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	23	det:predet	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	outdoor	outdoor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	exercises	exercise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	29	obl	_	_
26	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	27	det	_	_
27	prince	prince	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
28	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	excel	excel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | I | history |  | all outdoor exercises |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent history=Topic |
| 2 | **instruct** *speech: other* | past · passive | I *not said here* |  |  | poetry and versification and geography and chronology |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic» |
| 3 | **excel** | should | every prince |  |  | all outdoor exercises |  |  | vn succeed-74-1 «NP V PP.eventuality S\_ING»: agent=Agent in which=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Arabian Nights Entertainments» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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