---
title: All had helms on their heads, and lances and shields in their hands;… — Andersen's Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: All had helms on their heads, and lances and shields in their hands; they increased in numbers; and when Gerda had finished the Lord's Prayer, she was surrounded by a whole legion. Who acts: lances, whole legion. A sentence of «Andersen's Fairy Tales» by H. C. Andersen, The Snow Queen, part 5, with 
---

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# Andersen's Fairy Tales, The Snow Queen, part 5, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All had helms on their heads, and lances and shields in their hands; they increased in numbers; and when Gerda had finished the Lord's Prayer, she was surrounded by a whole legion.

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**Who acts:** lances, whole legion · **What happens:** have, increase, finish, surround · **To what, where:** helms, heads, numbers, Gerda

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This is a sentence of «Andersen's Fairy Tales» by H. C. Andersen, The Snow Queen, part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lances, whole legion), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg1597:15:4
# text = All had helms on their heads, and lances and shields in their hands; they increased in numbers; and when Gerda had finished the Lord's Prayer, she was surrounded by a whole legion.
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	advmod	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	helms	helm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
9	lances	lance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	shields	shield	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
16	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	increased	increase	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
22	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	25	advmod	_	_
23	Gerda	Gerda	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	finished	finish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	Lord	Lord	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	's	's	PART	POS	_	27	case	_	_
29	Prayer	Prayer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj:pass	_	_
32	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux:pass	_	_
33	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	conj	_	_
34	by	by	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
36	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	legion	legion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past |  | helms |  | helms's heads |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent helm=Patient |
| 2 | **increase** | past | lances in lances's hands and shields |  |  | numbers |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **finish** | past · perfect · passive |  | Gerda |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **surround** | past · passive | a whole legion | Gerda |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Andersen's Fairy Tales» by H. C. Andersen, Project Gutenberg book 1597 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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