---
title: The land was covered with forests; and where there are now great cit… — Fifty Famous Stories Retold · tree and pragmatics
description: The land was covered with forests; and where there are now great cities and fine farms there were only trees and swamps among which roamed wild In-di-ans and wild beasts. Who acts: trees, swamps. A sentence of «Fifty Famous Stories Retold» by James Baldwin, Sir Humphrey Gilbert., with its dependency
---

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# Fifty Famous Stories Retold, Sir Humphrey Gilbert., sentence 3

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The land was covered with forests; and where there are now great cities and fine farms there were only trees and swamps among which roamed wild In-di-ans and wild beasts.

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**Who acts:** trees, swamps · **What happens:** cover, be, roam · **To what, where:** land, great cities, di ans

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This is a sentence of «Fifty Famous Stories Retold» by James Baldwin, Sir Humphrey Gilbert.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (trees, swamps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg18442:19:3
# text = The land was covered with forests; and where there are now great cities and fine farms there were only trees and swamps among which roamed wild In-di-ans and wild beasts.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	forests	forest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
10	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	11	expl	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
13	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
18	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	19	expl	_	_
19	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
20	only	only	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	swamps	swamp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
24	among	among	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	26	nsubj	_	_
26	roamed	roam	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
27	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	xcomp	_	_
28	In	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	di	di	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	ans	an	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
34	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	beasts	beast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the land |  |  |  | with forests | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with forest=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | great cities and fine farms and swamps |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** | past | trees |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **roam** | past | swamps |  |  | di ans and wild beasts |  | wild *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in an=Trajectory |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fifty Famous Stories Retold» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 18442 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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