---
title: Yet he knew that the Romans were gaining ground, and the people of C… — Fifty Famous Stories Retold · tree and pragmatics
description: Yet he knew that the Romans were gaining ground, and the people of Carthage were afraid of being beaten in the end. Who acts: Carthage, Romans, people. A sentence of «Fifty Famous Stories Retold» by James Baldwin, The Story of Regulus., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Fifty Famous Stories Retold, The Story of Regulus., sentence 10

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Yet he knew that the Romans were gaining ground, and the people of Carthage were afraid of being beaten in the end.

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**Who acts:** Carthage, Romans, people · **What happens:** know, gain, be, beat · **To what, where:** ground, end · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Fifty Famous Stories Retold» by James Baldwin, The Story of Regulus.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Carthage, Romans, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg18442:28:10
# text = Yet he knew that the Romans were gaining ground, and the people of Carthage were afraid of being beaten in the end.
1	Yet	yet	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	gaining	gain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	_
9	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Carthage	Carthage	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
18	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
19	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	beaten	beat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	xcomp	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | past | Carthage |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **gain** | past · progressive | the Romans | ground |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ground=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | the people of Carthage |  |  |  |  | afraid *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **beat** | gerund · passive | the people of Carthage *not said here* |  |  |  | in the end |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: in end=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Fifty Famous Stories Retold» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 18442 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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